Meta tags:
description=Sienna Italy - history and art of Siena;
keywords=Tuscany,Siena,Sienna,Grosetto;

Headings (most frequently used words):

sienna, the, and, of, siena, siennese, in, florence, architecture, italy, information, 2026, villen, ferienhäuser, ferienwohnungen, der, nähe, von, art, brief, history, famous, ecclesiastics, saints, sinners, council, 1423, vacation, accommodation, chianti, classico, area, between, sculpture, painting, duomo, ospedale, di, santa, maria, della, scala, churches, under, lombards, carolingians, conflict, with, guelphs, ghibellines, petrucci, family, medici, tuscan, alta, maremma, southwest,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (361), and (111), sienna (49), was (39), with (31), for (18), #siennese (16), are (16), city (15), were (15), which (14), who (14), but (14), siena (13), florence (13), its (12), government (11), #council (10), bishop (10), from (10), cathedral (10), his (9), giovanni (9), san (9), della (9), tuscany (8), art (8), that (8), other (8), frescoes (8), new (7), pius (7), first (7), under (7), territory (7), petrucci (7), del (7), others (7), italy (6), maremma (6), had (6), not (6), against (6), been (6), pietro (6), etruscan (5), great (5), chianti (5), architecture (5), among (5), iii (5), three (5), republic (5), charles (5), more (5), medici (5), period (5), painters (5), sodoma (5), santa (5), remains (4), between (4), when (4), have (4), church (4), they (4), bernardino (4), over (4), bishops (4), their (4), named (4), cardinal (4), francesco (4), now (4), most (4), this (4), consuls (4), form (4), ancient (4), sculptures (4), palazzo (4), work (4), has (4), domenico (4), bartolo (4), maria (4), painting (4), all (3), large (3), area (3), people (3), decreed (3), years (3), later (3), pavia (3), plague (3), almost (3), certain (3), pope (3), four (3), published (3), french (3), until (3), head (3), renowned (3), also (3), lasted (3), arezzo (3), hospital (3), last (3), time (3), founded (3), grosseto (3), palio (3), war (3), consequence (3), because (3), acquired (3), instituted (3), spanish (3), garrison (3), florentine (3), guelphs (3), part (3), ghibellines (3), nobles (3), twelve (3), increased (3), became (3), various (3), times (3), importance (3), roman (3), history (3), adorned (3), interior (3), pubblico (3), quercia (3), contains (3), piazza (3), chapel (3), works (3), especially (3), possesses (3), fungai (3), lorenzo (3), churches (3), mediaeval (3), scala (3), choir (3), site (3), building (3), early (3), duomo (3), renaissance (3), antonio (3), sculpture (3), italian (3), 2026 (2), about (2), stay (2), here (2), alta (2), southwest (2), tuscan (2), vacation (2), visit (2), cities (2), during (2), constance (2), should (2), called (2), fact (2), where (2), april (2), 1423 (2), begun (2), members (2), schism (2), reform (2), february (2), departed (2), magistrates (2), popes (2), alexander (2), vii (2), giacomo (2), ambrogio (2), suffered (2), present (2), rome (2), claimed (2), lombard (2), succession (2), restored (2), 713 (2), commenced (2), 1029 (2), leo (2), ecclesiastical (2), within (2), struggle (2), decided (2), founder (2), monastery (2), monte (2), opposed (2), andrea (2), active (2), excommunicated (2), privileges (2), university (2), right (2), being (2), 1407 (2), nephew (2), afterwards (2), made (2), see (2), todeschini (2), piccolomini (2), succeeded (2), 1503 (2), held (2), 1597 (2), neri (2), much (2), france (2), chiusi (2), galgano (2), changes (2), year (2), little (2), tumults (2), fomented (2), visconti (2), peace (2), whom (2), montepulciano (2), abandoned (2), participate (2), pandolfo (2), secured (2), arts (2), than (2), him (2), clement (2), victory (2), troops (2), given (2), laid (2), themselves (2), thus (2), divided (2), soon (2), family (2), power (2), required (2), merchants (2), meanwhile (2), petty (2), ghibelline (2), lords (2), guelph (2), seventy (2), occurred (2), principal (2), families (2), failed (2), 1348 (2), change (2), common (2), only (2), florentines (2), determined (2), nevertheless (2), although (2), administration (2), changed (2), twenty (2), seven (2), lombards (2), one (2), carolingians (2), transformed (2), into (2), state (2), though (2), there (2), through (2), particularly (2), saena (2), quite (2), civic (2), buildings (2), sala (2), decorated (2), second (2), fifteenth (2), celebrated (2), public (2), jacopo (2), paschi (2), interesting (2), beccafumi (2), pictures (2), tabernacle (2), petruzzi (2), mariano (2), scattered (2), throughout (2), paintings (2), sano (2), taddeo (2), late (2), high (2), century (2), matteo (2), donatello (2), said (2), nave (2), transepts (2), opera (2), design (2), facade (2), marble (2), renewed (2), pavement (2), nicolo (2), vecchietta (2), brothers (2), barili (2), statues (2), sculptors (2), pinturicchio (2), library (2), group (2), well (2), both (2), giotto (2), imitated (2), school (2), seem (2), architect (2), orvieto (2), fine (2), did (2), und (2), information (2), 2005, rights, reserved, ammonet, infotech, learn, seaside, hot, springs, nature, reserves, places, click, diverse, encompassing, tyrrhenian, seashore, coastal, plains, inland, hill, towns, bibliography, greve, rentals, zone, beautiful, scenery, inexpensive, food, wine, less, frequented, authentic, countryside, your, tour, accommodation, classico, five, another, martin, summoned, inaugurated, general, session, yet, broke, out, reason, transfer, procedure, identical, formalities, safe, conduct, issued, cause, friction, november, decrees, hussites, wyclifites, those, continued, benedict, xiii, postponement, negotiation, greek, schismatics, greater, vigilance, heresy, gallican, proposals, produced, discord, 1424, basle, selected, place, next, dissolution, decree, march, would, preferred, continue, limbs, accomplished, whether, avoid, account, fear, since, too, near, papal, states, took, care, let, anyone, depart, paid, debts, capite, membris, natives, environs, hermits, 1181, catarina, benincasa, albizzeschi, sansedoni, heretics, socinus, ochino, born, apostle, christian, faith, venerates, ansanus, martyrdom, diocletian, florianus, sinna, 313, date, eusebius, 465, invasion, interrupted, episcopal, 635, maurus, rotharis, rebuilt, controversy, concerning, jurisdiction, lands, centuries, 712, adeodatus, ausifredus, 752, cantius, 853, lupis, 881, authority, political, limits, favour, 1058, cellese, rodolfo, 1068, gualfredus, 1083, author, poet, buonfiglio, 1215, heretical, patarini, reformed, clergy, bernardo, 1273, brother, gallerani, brotherhood, misericordia, 1251, ruggero, casale, 1307, learned, theologian, fraticelli, 1314, entire, convent, franciscans, azzolino, malavolti, 1357, obtained, 1384, canons, exercised, elect, election, confirmed, gregory, xii, residing, gabriele, condulmer, eugene, former, 1449, archbishopric, 1459, archbishop, nanni, brandini, 1529, 1588, targui, reformer, friend, philip, metello, bichi, seminary, 1613, alessandro, 1615, emulating, borromeo, reforming, convents, women, leonardo, marsili, 1684, grand, duke, felice, zondadari, 1795, 1823, exile, 1809, enrico, bindi, 1871, man, letters, suffragans, sovana, pitigliano, massa, marittima, pienza, comune, famous, ecclesiastics, saints, sinners, flag, display, lead, 1368, effected, whole, 1369, characterised, revolts, slaughter, arbitration, avail, these, constitutional, conspiracies, added, 1387, rebellion, arose, ally, gian, galeazzo, proclaimed, lord, 1399, 1404, deserted, constituted, repeatedly, assaulted, king, ladislaus, naples, adhesion, conciliabulum, pisa, 1480, occurrence, upper, hand, 1487, absolute, caesar, borgia, expulsion, latter, returned, assumed, title, magnifico, maecenas, powerful, ever, son, borghese, expelled, 1516, order, intended, subject, hence, enmity, alfonso, bore, point, proclaiming, rulers, 1525, succeeding, events, destroyed, hopes, protectorate, proved, even, severe, wished, compel, 1550, construct, fortress, whereupon, sought, aid, sent, own, unwilling, relinquish, prey, indignant, command, strozzi, rebel, invaded, 1554, after, several, successful, encounters, siege, surrendered, 1555, maintained, few, longer, 1559, terms, cambrai, finally, provinces, orbetello, alone, spain, accommodated, regime, left, them, autonomy, montacino, cosimo, signoria, positions, bestowed, upon, waste, despite, mediation, nicholas, fifteen, 1282, defeated, pieve, toppo, internal, discords, recurrence, conflicts, whites, blacks, seditions, butchers, doctors, notaries, excluded, displace, 000, victims, advent, emperor, effect, 1355, rose, revolt, mixed, plebeians, hundred, councillors, short, bianchi, expansion, naturally, conflicted, 1141, won, conquered, 1445, rivalry, consequently, politics, adhered, imperial, party, 1194, repulsed, army, henry, recognise, accorded, father, prestige, enlarged, circuit, walls, 1197, joined, league, genesio, 1199, wishing, nomination, chief, magistrate, justice, remained, hands, guilds, 1212, passed, purveyors, while, reduced, rank, simple, councilors, heads, rapid, thirty, 1260, humiliated, hated, itself, aided, anjou, sovereignty, 1277, battle, montaperti, biccherna, provveditori, podestà, poggibonsi, conflict, seat, two, judge, minister, finance, 868, hereditary, possession, vinigiso, ranieri, branches, sole, ruler, surrounding, recognized, lordship, margraves, death, matilda, countess, 1115, municipal, already, existed, 1125, mentioned, thenceforth, continuously, beginning, office, restricted, noble, dictator, donations, purchases, conquests, forever, plotting, gastaldi, apparently, periods, rare, recent, excavations, brought, light, substantial, structure, suggesting, evaluation, etruscans, might, colony, augustus, brief, interest, 1289, 102, metres, foot, graceful, loggia, 1376, 1460, halls, ground, stories, pace, mappamondo, balia, above, vittorio, emanuele, modern, maccari, front, extends, july, august, each, horse, races, joyful, fountain, square, private, palaces, following, note, spannochi, casino, nobili, tolomei, buonsignori, archives, perhaps, oldest, bank, still, operation, 1472, reorganized, 1654, pastures, derives, name, assigned, securities, dei, delle, papesse, fonte, gaia, corse, campo, capella, torre, mangia, cloisters, sacrament, oratory, artists, house, catherine, benineasa, number, chapels, 1293, vanni, benedetto, maiano, outside, majolicas, cell, tomb, distant, abbey, sant, eugenio, 730, 1201, certosa, pontignano, robbia, convento, dell, osservanza, fonteguista, carmine, antique, location, aristocratic, residence, 7th, pellegrinaro, sick, room, noteworthy, agostino, perugino, beneath, baptistery, parish, remarkable, font, ornamented, ghiberti, archaeology, intensively, researched, some, speculative, informative, reconstructions, ospedale, occupy, temple, minerva, cupola, finished, 1464, 1339, enlarge, then, occupied, construction, longitudinal, incorporated, actually, compelled, citizens, abandon, plan, complete, original, worthy, manner, stands, 292, long, wide, 168, bands, red, white, black, tricuspidal, richly, 1869, mosaics, 1878, admirable, mosaic, masters, pulpit, entirely, relief, pisano, pupils, altar, bronze, carvings, statue, saint, together, sienese, tombs, books, manuscripts, representing, scenes, life, gift, centre, graces, presented, exterior, sacred, tapestries, preserved, possessed, artist, surpassed, contemporary, cimabue, grace, accuracy, developed, perfected, rapidly, 1285, 1344, immortalised, petrarch, citizen, bears, comparison, lippo, memmi, miniaturist, lorenzetti, composition, bertolo, fredi, 1330, 1410, 1360, 1422, benvenuto, compared, therefore, turned, anew, venetian, fame, revived, girolamo, pacchia, representatives, baldassare, peruzzi, better, known, basilica, bazzi, 1477, 1549, rival, raphael, decline, begins, 1486, 1551, paolo, franchi, closely, related, nazarenes, german, italians, istituto, teresa, gives, good, idea, simone, martini, duccio, received, impulse, whose, disciples, carved, decorations, 1374, 1438, pioneers, federighi, giorgio, cozzarelli, wood, represented, bartolomeo, neroni, pisani, academy, museum, different, completely, illustrate, local, character, nowhere, else, remain, conservative, gothic, reached, peak, architects, may, seen, beyond, confines, alle, wichtigen, informationen, zum, die, dort, verfügbare, große, auswahl, wunderschönen, gutshof, apartments, ferienzimmern, sehen, klicken, sie, hier, villen, ferienhäuser, ferienwohnungen, der, nähe, von, spelling, situated, gently, rising, hills, central, speak, purist, dialect, unification, national, language, rightly, extremely, popular, tourists, town, village, like, example, usually, does, excessively, crowded, magnificent, museums, twice, yearly, folk, culture, associated, make, worth, intensive, study, gimignano,

Text of the page (random words):
siena sienna siena italy information 2026 sienna siena in the italian spelling is situated on three gently rising hills in central tuscany italy the siennese are said to speak the purist form of the tuscan dialect which at the unification of italy became the national language sienna is quite rightly extremely popular with tourists but because it is a town and not a village like san gimignano for example it usually does not seem excessively crowded the fine piazza magnificent cathedral and museums as well as the twice yearly palio and the interesting folk culture associated with it make sienna worth intensive study siennese painting and architecture of the renaissance and later is second in importance only to that of florence in the history of italian art villen ferienhäuser ferienwohnungen in der nähe von siena klicken sie hier um alle wichtigen informationen zum chianti und die dort verfügbare große auswahl an wunderschönen gutshof apartments und ferienzimmern zu sehen art and architecture of sienna siena the academy of fine arts the museum of the cathedral and the different churches of the city almost completely illustrate the history of art in sienna in no other city did art especially painting have a more local character and nowhere else did it remain so conservative italian gothic architecture reached a peak here among both ecclesiastical and in civic buildings and the work of siennese architects may be seen beyond the confines of their state e g the cathedral of orvieto siennese sculpture sculpture received its first impulse from nicolo and giovanni pisani whose siennese disciples carved the decorations of the facade of orvieto cathedral the most renowned sculptors of the 15 c were jacopo della quercia 1374 1438 one of the pioneers of the renaissance lorenzo di pietro antonio federighi francesco di giorgio also an architect giacomo cozzarelli and lorenzo mariano sculpture in wood is represented by the brothers antonio and giovanni barili bartolomeo neroni and others siennese painting in painting sienna possessed in duccio an artist who surpassed his contemporary cimabue of florence both for grace and in accuracy of design nevertheless art developed and was perfected in florence more rapidly than in sienna simone martini 1285 1344 immortalised by petrarch and a citizen of sienna bears comparison with giotto lippo memmi also a miniaturist pietro and ambrogio lorenzetti imitated with the composition of the school of giotto but bertolo di fredi 1330 1410 taddeo de bartolo 1360 1422 and the 15 c painters domenico di bartolo sano di pietro vecchietta matteo and benvenuto di giovanni compared with the florentines seem almost mediaeval sienna therefore turned anew to florentine lombard or venetian painters under whom the ancient fame of the city revived especially in the works of bernardino fungai girolamo della pacchia and others the most renowned representatives of the renaissance in sienna are baldassare peruzzi better known as the architect of the basilica of san pietro giovanni antonio bazzi and il sodoma 1477 1549 a rival of raphael the decline begins with domenico beccafumi 1486 1551 in the 19 c paolo franchi founded a school of painters closely related to the nazarenes a group of german painters of the early 19 c who imitated the italians of the 15 c and early 16 c the chapel of the istituto di santa teresa gives a good idea of their art siennese architecture the duomo the cathedral of sienna is said to occupy the site of a temple of minerva the present building was begun in the early 13 c and the cupola was finished in 1464 but in 1339 it was decided to so enlarge the cathedral that the area then occupied by the nave should form the transepts of the new building in fact the construction of the longitudinal nave now in part incorporated in the opera del duomo was actually commenced though the plague of 1348 compelled the citizens to abandon this plan they determined to complete the original design in a worthy manner as it stands the building is about 292 ft long and 80 ft wide 168 ft in the transepts the facade is decorated with bands of red white and black marble tricuspidal and richly adorned with sculptures restored in 1869 and with mosaics renewed in 1878 in the interior the pavement is of admirable marble mosaic the work of masters of the fifteenth century which has been for the most part renewed the pulpit entirely in relief is the work of nicolo pisano and his pupils the high altar is by petruzzi the bronze tabernacle by vecchietta and the carvings of the choir by the brothers barili the chapel of san giovanni contains a statue of the saint by donatello together with statues by other sculptors and frescoes by pinturicchio scattered through the interior of the cathedral are statues of sienese popes and the tombs of the bishops of sienna the library of the cathedral possesses ancient choir books and other manuscripts and is adorned throughout with frescoes by pinturicchio representing scenes from the life of pius ii the gift of pius iii in the centre of the library is the celebrated group of the three graces presented by pius ii the remains of the exterior sculptures and of the pavement of the cathedral as well as paintings and sacred tapestries are preserved in the opera del duomo l ospedale di santa maria della scala in siena in the hospital of santa maria della scala 13 c the church and the pellegrinaro a large sick room with frescoes by domenico di bartolo are noteworthy san agostino possesses pictures and frescoes by perugino sodoma matteo di giovanni and others beneath the choir of the cathedral is the ancient baptistery now the parish church of san giovanni with its remarkable font ornamented with sculptures by quercia donatello and ghiberti the archaeology of the site of the hospital has been intensively researched and some speculative but informative reconstructions of the site at various times have been published by the university of siena etruscan aristocratic residence 7th century bc changes at the location of santa maria della scala roman period late antique period high mediaeval period late mediaeval period siennese churches in santa maria del carmine the cloisters and the chapel of the sacrament are particularly interesting the oratory of san bernardino contains works of the principal siennese artists especially of sodoma and beccafumi the house of st catherine of siena benineasa has been transformed into a number of chapels san domenico 1293 possesses pictures by sodoma fungai vanni and others and a tabernacle by benedetto da maiano the little church of fonteguista has frescoes by fungai petruzzi and lorenzo di mariano scattered throughout the other churches are works of the 14 and 15 c outside of the city is the convento dell osservanza with majolicas by andrea della robbia and paintings by sodoma sano di pietro taddeo bartolo and others and the cell of st bernardino of sienna and the tomb of pandolfo petrucci more distant from sienna are the certosa di pontignano the abbey of sant eugenio 730 and the monastery of san galgano 1201 civic buildings of great interest are the palazzo pubblico 1289 with the torre del mangia 102 metres at the foot of which in the form of a graceful loggia is the capella di piazza 1376 1460 adorned with frescoes and sculptures in the interior of the palazzo pubblico the halls of the ground and first stories sala della pace del mappamondo di balia are decorated with frescoes by painters named above and by others the frescoes of the sala vittorio emanuele are modern maccari and others in front of the palazzo pubblico extends the great piazza del campo where on the second of july and the fifteenth of august of each year the celebrated horse races are held corse del palio the fonte gaia joyful fountain in the public square is the work of jacopo della quercia among the private palaces the following are of note spannochi casino de nobili tolomei buonsignori piccolomini the last named contains the public archives and palazzo delle papesse the monte dei paschi is perhaps the oldest bank still in operation it was founded in 1472 and was reorganized in 1654 when the pastures paschi of the maremma from which it derives its name were assigned to it as securities a brief history of sienna in ancient times the etruscan city of saena was apparently of no great importance although the remains of the etruscan and roman periods are rare recent excavations have brought to light the remains of a quite substantial etruscan structure suggesting that a re evaluation of the importance of siena to the etruscans might be called for saena became a roman colony under augustus sienna under the lombards and carolingians under the lombards sienna was the seat of two gastaldi magistrates one a judge and the other a minister of finance under the carolingians sienna transformed into a city state which in 868 became a hereditary possession of the family of vinigiso ranieri who soon divided the territory among their various branches the power of the bishop increased in consequence so that in the 11 and 12 c he was the sole ruler of the city and the surrounding territory though he recognized the over lordship of the margraves of tuscany by the time of the death of matilda the last countess of tuscany 1115 a municipal government already existed and in 1125 consuls are first mentioned thenceforth the form of government changed continuously in the beginning there were three consuls later there were twelve the office being restricted to members of noble families at other times a dictator was named through donations purchases and conquests particularly from various petty lords of the maremma who were forever plotting against sienna the territory of the republic increased the conflict with florence in its expansion sienna naturally conflicted with florence thus in the struggle for poggibonsi 1141 the siennese won but were conquered by the florentines in 1445 the rivalry with florence consequently determined the politics of sienna which adhered to the imperial ghibelline party nevertheless in 1194 the siennese repulsed the army of henry vi who failed to recognise the privileges accorded the city by his father this victory increased the prestige of the republic which now enlarged the circuit of its walls in 1197 it joined the league of san genesio in 1199 the common people wishing to participate in the government secured the nomination of a podestà chief magistrate for justice and war although the administration remained in the hands of the consuls of the guilds a new change occurred in 1212 in which the administration passed to the provveditori purveyors della biccherna while the consuls were reduced in rank to simple councilors in consequence the heads of government changed in rapid succession the twenty seven twenty four seventy thirty seven meanwhile at the battle of montaperti 1260 sienna at the head of the ghibellines of tuscany had humiliated the hated florence but in sienna itself the guelphs aided by charles of anjou acquired sovereignty in 1277 guelphs and ghibellines positions of power were all bestowed upon guelphs who for the most part were required to be merchants meanwhile the petty ghibelline lords of the maremma laid waste the territory of the republic despite the mediation of pope nicholas iii the guelph government of the fifteen instituted in 1282 lasted for seventy years the war against the bishop of arezzo head of the ghibellines who was defeated at pieve al toppo occurred during this period internal discords among the principal families the recurrence in siena of the conflicts between the bianchi whites and neri blacks for which the city was excommunicated by clement v the seditions of the butchers doctors and notaries fomented by the nobles excluded from the government failed to displace the guelph merchants it required the great plague of 1348 with its 30 000 victims in the city and the advent of emperor charles iv to effect a change in the government in 1355 the nobles and the common people rose in revolt and instituted a mixed government of twelve plebeians and twelve nobles with four hundred councillors but this lasted only a short time the petrucci family of sienna and the medici of florence in 1368 three changes were effected and the whole year of 1369 was characterised by revolts and slaughter the arbitration of florence was of little avail to these tumults and constitutional conspiracies within the city was added 1387 the rebellion of montepulciano fomented by florence a war with florence arose in consequence in which the siennese had as an ally gian galeazzo visconti proclaimed lord of sienna in 1399 but in 1404 they deserted visconti made peace with florence to whom montepulciano was abandoned and constituted a new government from 1407 13 sienna was repeatedly assaulted by king ladislaus of naples because of its adhesion to the conciliabulum of pisa in 1480 with the occurrence of new tumults over the right to participate in the government pandolfo petrucci acquired the upper hand and in 1487 instituted a new and absolute government caesar borgia secured the expulsion of petrucci from sienna but in 1503 the latter returned assumed the title of magnifico maecenas of the arts and was more powerful than ever his son borghese petrucci who succeeded him in the signoria was expelled in 1516 by order of leo x who intended to subject sienna to the medici hence the enmity that cardinal alfonso petrucci bore him clement vii was on the point of proclaiming the medici as rulers when the victory of pavia 1525 and succeeding events destroyed his hopes the spanish protectorate proved even more severe charles v wished to compel the siennese 1550 to construct a fortress for the spanish garrison whereupon they sought the aid of france which sent a garrison of its own so that the spanish and florentine troops abandoned the city but cosimo de medici was unwilling to relinquish his prey indignant because the command of the garrison had been given to pietro strozzi a florentine rebel he invaded the territory of the republic in 1554 and after several successful encounters laid siege to the city which surrendered on 17 april 1555 montacino chiusi and grosseto maintained themselves for a few years longer but in 1559 under the terms of the peace of cambrai the french troops departed thus the medici acquired finally the large territory now divided between the provinces of sienna and grosseto orbetello alone was given to spain the siennese soon accommodated themselves to the new regime which left them much autonomy flag display in the lead up to the palio in sienna famous siennese ecclesiastics saints and sinners among the renowned natives of sienna and its environs were the popes alexander iii pius ii pius iii alexander vii the hermits st galgano 1181 and st giacomo 11 c st catarina benincasa st bernardino albizzeschi and st ambrogio sansedoni the heretics socinus and ochino were born at sienna a...