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Text of the page (random words):
ndary source newspaper articles magazine articles wikipedia and most websites and blog pages are secondary sources when it comes to scientific research only writing published in peer reviewed conferences journals books and magazines constitutes a primary source what is peer review and why does it matter even if a paper is a primary source describing some research that doesn t guarantee that the research is rigorous reliable and high quality to ensure that all academic writing meets basic standards of quality assurance scientists use peer review this means that a number of professional scientists usually two or more will read through the work carefully and critique it before it is published if the work is of very poor quality or very badly written it will be rejected and the authors will have to re write their papers and try to publish them elsewhere if the work is of a high enough standard to publish the authors will be given a list of improvements they must make before the paper goes to print this way we ensure that inaccurate incorrect or incomprehensible work doesn t get published in high quality conferences and journals why read primary sources students often complain about making the leap from reading textbook style prose to formal academic research literature part of the problem is that the style of writing is different and takes some getting used to more deeply though students today have likely grown up with the web and with reading informal secondary sources making the change is hard work and nerve wrecking for some why waste hours wading through pages and pages of long winded complicated weirdly written prose when you can read a quick accessible summary on wikipedia well of course wikipedia is a good place to start to get a basic overview of an area and help your understanding of the primary sources you are reading however it is absolutely essential to read the primary sources themselves why reason 1 secondary sources editorialise a secondary source will describe some parts of the primary source but not others the secondary source will take a particular point of view i e the author will voice their own opinion and will pick the parts of the primary source that are useful for that discussion this doesn t necessarily mean that the secondary source is particularly biased although it might be it s more that secondary sources are selective in what they discuss for example if a paper on web2 0 discusses the implementation performance and usability of web2 0 sites a secondary source on the subject of usability is likely to leave out any mention of implementation and performance so by reading secondary sources you miss out on a lot of the detail of the original work and much of that detail may be very important to you and your work it is probably worth saying that there is an important exception to this survey papers a good survey paper should be like an extended literature review that discusses in some detail the literature available in a broad area of comptuer science these survey papers are a good place to start when writing your own literature review you can usually find survey papers in well established journals or specialist survey journals such as acm computing surveys reason 2 secondary sources are sometimes wrong every academic field has a number of ideas which are passed on from one generation to the next with little reference back to the original research that generated those ideas be somewhat skeptical about this most of the time there are good reasons to feel assured that this knowledge is sound especially in fields where mathematical proof is the main way of advancing the field however in more subjective or experimental fields such as software engineering or usability results can sometimes be misunderstood or misinterpreted over the years an example of this is winston royce s waterfall method which as you probably already know is a method for organising and planning large programming projects the central idea in royce 1970 is very simple and easy to understand you split the work into a number of different phases requirements gathering analysis design coding testing maintenance and your team performs each phase in turn there s even a nice image to go with the idea just to make it nice and easy to understand image source wikipedia for many people this is where their understanding of the waterfall model stops but in royce s original paper there is a long discussion of the drawbacks of organising a project in this manner in fact royce says that it is risky and invites failure pp 329 moving on the majority of royce s paper is a list of changes to the sequential model which make it more workable some of these are of particular interest for example plan testing is a step that royce advocates should go with program design in modern more agile development methods we would advocate writing unit tests around this time so royce is presenting a very modern approach the last modification royce makes is to involve the customer at several points in the process again a much more modern approach that many authors would say goes with agile or extreme development methods the picture royce paints is not a simple sequential model at all it s much more complicated than that tarmo toikkanen has written an interesting blog post on this subject he speculates that the reason people advocate for the basic waterfall method is that the diagram and analogy make it very easy to understand so people don t delve any deeper into the details in fact toikkanen points out that nato even have a military standard dod std 2167 based on royce s work aside if you wanted to test toikkanen s idea that it s the diagram in royce s paper that leads to the misunderstanding what experiment would you devise to test that idea more parochially we often see university students writing something like in my project i will use the waterfall method sometimes even with a citation don t do this read royce 1970 in full understand what he s really arguing for then use a more modern method or at least use royce s iterative method found at the end of the paper reason 3 different primary sources may disagree research is all about creating and discovering new ideas very often primary sources disagree on how best to do that or they have competing ideas and only through years of research and discussion does a consensus evolve there are examples of this throughout the history of science whether it s the flat earth debate big bang vs the steady state theory structured programming vs object oriented programming through debate reason mathematical arguments prototype systems models simulation and all sorts of other techniques the history of science is full of arguments and competing ideas when you read a secondary source very often whatever debate has taken place is already in the past and the author of the secondary source will simply describe the consensus that has since been reached for example there were many good reasons for cosmologists to believe in the steady state theory before evidence for the big bang became overwhelming only by going back to this litereature can we see how the debate unfolded and why the evidence that supported the big bang to do with background microwave radiation in the cosmos which was discovered in the 1960s was so convincing in computer science there are also many of these debates for example most proframming languages do not have a goto statement in fact java has a keyword called goto but it is not used in the late 1960s and 70s there was a heated debate about whether goto was a safe and useful construct and you can read through that debate in dijkstra 1968 knuth 1974 and plenty of other sources without going back to these papers which were written well before the debate was settled can you fully understand the arguments that eventually banished the goto statement from most modern languages conclusions reading blog posts is harder than reading papers so why did i say in the title of this post that reading blog posts is harder than reading papers actually reading blog posts may be easier but in terms of getting a good grade in your project you are unlikely to produce a high quality literature review based on blog posts blogs will tend to be selective and biased in their nature this isn t a criticism of blogs far from it blogs are a great place for lively debates they aren t such a great place necessarily to descibe careful peer reviewed research in great detail that s best left for conferences and journals references edsger w dijkstra 1968 letters to the editor goto statement considered harmful communications of the acm 11 3 march 1968 147 148 doi 10 1145 362929 362947 http doi acm org 10 1145 362929 362947 donald e knuth 1974 structured programming with goto statements acm computing surveys 6 4 december 1974 261 301 doi 10 1145 356635 356640 http doi acm org 10 1145 356635 356640 royce w winston 1970 managing the development of large software systems concepts and techniques in p roceedings of ieee westcon los angeles 1 9 posted via email from pass your university project posted by sarah mount at 12 55 0 comments labels journals literature literature_review papers primary_sources surveys sunday 22 may 2011 first pachube hackathon pachubehack the start of april saw the first pachube pronounced patch bay hackathon in london lancaster new york eindoven linz and zurich pachube is doing some very interesting and innovative work quite closely aligned to some of the internet of things research we are doing in wolverhampton the london event was great fun and the nice folks at 01zero one kept us going through the night with pleanty of coffee and pizza geek fuel it was good to meet up with some old friends and make some new ones our former student from coventry and first nuffield bursar tim churchard is now a founder at ignoto consulting and doing some excellent work in embedded systems design great to see one of our graduates doing so well in the current economic climate it was also interesting to meet sam the techie who i ve followed on twitter for a while now sam is the brains behind the now famous sukey app which keeps demonstrators in touch with one another in real time sukey is probably one of the few iot apps that has really been used in earnest by large numbers of end users and it s a great example of putting online data to real use the folks behind nanode were also there making good progress on their web enabled arduino board which looks like it s going to be a great boost to hobbyist hackers you can sign up to purchase one of the first runs of the board on the london hackspace wiki the hackathon itself produced some really interesting applications rainycat came up with a great wearable based on the arduino lilypad called yr in ma face which discourages people from invading your personal space i d imagine it would go crazy on the london tube network there was a great rfid app called display case which coupled simple real world avatars with a vertical projector and real time information the nanode guys made quite a bit of progress and the arkessa team came up with a nice arduino hack to produce banana graphs with a lego nxt warning charts may not be to scale p and we had a wifi enabled umbrella much like the senz umbrella although possibly more likely to electrocute its users my own offering was marvin the paranoid android which usman very kindly described as inspiring marvin is an attempt to create an affective interface out of some ostensibly boring data the temperature remaining battery power and so on from my laptop affective interfaces are ones designed to elicit emotions from their users and to my mind that s an important part of making the internet of things useful and more than just a technical concern marvin is a chatbot interface in the style of marvin the paranoid android of douglas adams fame you can find the data that feeds marvin here and the chat interface itself is hosted here the ai still needs a lot of work to be really usable but you can already have suitably patronising and miserable conversations with marvin like this one puny human hi marvin marvin life loathe it or ignore it you can t like it puny human what is your status marvin current battery capacity is 57667mwh out of a capacity of 57667mwh that s 100 currently at 56 0c when i get to 107 0 i blow up currently working at 118 0 load call that reasonable working conditions i don t rain said to me during the day if you don t document things you lose them and that s something i m slowly trying to learn this time around i made a simple slide deck to remind myself how the marvin system worked hopefully i ll slowly get better at documenting this sort of work although the fact that this blog post has come out so long after the hackathon shows i ve got a way to go yet posted via email from snim2 s posterous posted by sarah mount at 15 13 0 comments thursday 24 march 2011 why i will not be on strike with ucu today ucustrike today the university and college union ucu are holding a strike relating to pensions and pay if you want to read a good exposition of why lecturers and support staff have voted for this phil wadler has written an excellent piece and ucu have an official announcement pdf warning as always there s an active twitter stream on the action of course any academic should tell you that it s a good idea to read both sides of any story so do go and look our own chapter of the student union have an announcement on why they will not be supporting striking lecturers today and with great reluctance i will be in agreement with the su and crossing the picket line although for rather different reasons than the su have cited this is a tumultuous time for higher education in the uk and we have been recently hit with several potentially very detrimental policies from government these include increasing the level of fees and creating a fees economy at a time when many young people could not hope to gain a job after secondary school because of the global financial recession leaving many young people with very few life options after their compulsory education has ended maintaining the tight quotas and financial penalties for breaching quotas on home uk eu students whilst making it more difficult for uncapped overseas students to get visas and so maintaining the odd situation that a university is fined by the government for being popular with students this is a major problem as most universities already have to spend more to teach students than they get from hefce at the very least most academics work between sixty and eighty hours a week so the wages bill for academics is really close to twice the figure on the balance sheets most lecturers would rather be offering students more and better tuition when they start to pay full fees rather than being squeezed by finances into providing less deregulating the tight restraints on which institutions may award degrees and opening t...