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rmance b license standard json5 1 0 0 march 2018 the json5 data interchange format abstract the json5 data interchange format is a proposed extension to json that aims to make it easier for humans to write and maintain by hand it does this by adding some minimal syntax features directly from ecmascript 5 1 1 introduction the json5 data interchange format json5 is a superset of json that aims to alleviate some of the limitations of json by expanding its syntax to include some productions from ecmascript 5 1 similar to json json5 can represent four primitive types strings numbers booleans and null and two structured types objects and arrays a string is a sequence of zero or more unicode characters note that this citation references the latest version of unicode rather than a specific release it is not expected that future changes in the unicode specification will impact the syntax of json5 an object is an unordered collection of zero or more name value pairs where a name is a string or identifier and a value is a string number boolean null object or array an array is an ordered sequence of zero or more values 1 1 summary of features the following ecmascript 5 1 features which are not supported in json have been extended to json5 objects object keys may be an ecmascript 5 1 identifiername objects may have a single trailing comma arrays arrays may have a single trailing comma strings strings may be single quoted strings may span multiple lines by escaping new line characters strings may include character escapes numbers numbers may be hexadecimal numbers may have a leading or trailing decimal point numbers may be ieee 754 positive infinity negative infinity and nan numbers may begin with an explicit plus sign comments single and multi line comments are allowed white space additional white space characters are allowed 1 2 short example example informative comments unquoted and you can quote me on that singlequotes i can use double quotes here linebreaks look mom no n s hexadecimal 0xdecaf leadingdecimalpoint 8675309 andtrailing 8675309 positivesign 1 trailingcomma in objects andin arrays backwardscompatible with json 2 values a json5 value must be an object array string or number or one of the three literal names true false or null json5value json5null json5boolean json5string json5number json5object json5array 3 objects an object structure is represented as a pair of curly brackets surrounding zero or more name value pairs or members a name is a string or identifier a single colon comes after each name separating the name from the value a single comma separates a value from a following name a single comma may follow the name value pair the names within an object should be unique json5object json5memberlist opt json5memberlist json5member json5memberlist json5member json5member json5membername json5value json5membername json5identifier json5string an object whose names are all unique is interoperable in the sense that all software implementations receiving that object will agree on the name value mappings when the names within an object are not unique the behavior of software that receives such an object is unpredictable implementations may report the last name value pair only report an error or fail to parse the object or report all of the name value pairs including duplicates implementations may make the ordering of object members visible to calling software implementations whose behavior does not depend on member ordering will be interoperable in the sense that they will not be affected by this example informative an empty object an object with two properties and a trailing comma width 1920 height 1080 objects can be nested image width 1920 height 1080 aspect ratio 16 9 an array of objects name joe age 27 name jane age 32 4 arrays an array structure is represented as square brackets surrounding zero or more values or elements elements are separated by commas a single comma may follow the final element json5array json5elementlist opt json5elementlist json5value json5elementlist json5value there is no requirement that the values in an array be of the same type example informative an empty array an array with three elements and a trailing comma 1 true three arrays can be nested 1 true three 4 five 0x6 5 strings a string begins and ends with single or double quotation marks the same quotation mark that begins a string must also end the string all unicode characters may be placed within the quotation marks except for the characters that must be escaped the quotation mark used to begin and end the string reverse solidus and line terminators json5string json5doublestringcharacters opt json5singlestringcharacters opt json5doublestringcharacters json5doublestringcharacter json5doublestringcharacters opt json5singlestringcharacters json5singlestringcharacter json5singlestringcharacters opt json5doublestringcharacter sourcecharacter but not one of or or lineterminator escapesequence linecontinuation u 2028 u 2029 json5singlestringcharacter sourcecharacter but not one of or or lineterminator escapesequence linecontinuation u 2028 u 2029 5 1 escapes any character may be escaped if the character is in the basic latin or latin 1 supplement unicode character ranges u 0000 through u 00ff then it may be represented as a four character sequence a reverse solidus followed by the lower case letter x followed by two hexadecimal digits that encode the character s code point a reverse solidus followed by the lower case letter x must be followed by two hexadecimal digits if the character is in the basic multilingual plane u 0000 through u ffff then it may be represented as a six character sequence a reverse solidus followed by the lower case letter u followed by four hexadecimal digits that encode the character s code point a reverse solidus followed by the lower case letter u must be followed by four hexadecimal digits the hexadecimal letters a though f can be upper or lower case example 1 informative a string containing only a single reverse solidus character may be represented as x5c or u005c to escape an extended character that is not in the basic multilingual plane the character is represented as a 12 character sequence encoding the utf 16 surrogate pair example 2 informative a string containing only the musical score character u 1f3bc may be represented as ud83c udfbc alternatively there are two character sequence escape representations of some popular characters a decimal digit must not follow a reverse solidus followed by a zero table 1 escape sequences escape sequence description code point apostrophe u 0027 quotation mark u 0022 reverse solidus u 005c b backspace u 0008 f form feed u 000c n line feed u 000a r carriage return u 000d t horizontal tab u 0009 v vertical tab u 000b 0 null u 0000 example 3 informative a string containing only a single reverse solidus character may be represented more compactly as a string may be continued on a new line by following a reverse solidus with one of the following line terminator sequences the reverse solidus and line terminator sequence are not included in the string table 2 line terminator sequences code points description u 000a line feed u 000d carriage return u 000d u 000a carriage return and line feed u 2028 line separator u 2029 paragraph separator example 4 informative the following strings represent the same information lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit if any other character follows a reverse solidus except for the decimal digits 1 through 9 that character will be included in the string but the reverse solidus will not example 5 informative the following strings represent the same information a c d c ac dc 5 2 paragraph and line separators like json json5 allows the unicode code points u 2028 and u 2029 to appear unescaped in strings since ecmascript 5 1 does not allow these code points in strings authors should avoid including them in json5 documents json5 parsers should produce a warning when they are found unescaped in strings json5 generators should escape these code points in strings 6 numbers the representation of numbers is similar to that used in most programming languages a number may be represented in in base 10 using decimal digits base 16 using hexadecimal digits or the ieee 754 values positive infinity negative infinity or nan json5number json5numericliteral json5numericliteral json5numericliteral json5numericliteral numericliteral infinity nan decimal numbers contain an integer component that may be prefixed with an optional plus or minus sign which may be followed by a fraction part and or an exponent part a fraction part is a decimal point followed by one or more digits an exponent part begins with the letter e in upper or lower case which may be followed by a plus or minus sign the e and optional sign are followed by one or more digits example 1 informative integer 123 withfractionpart 123 456 onlyfractionpart 456 withexponent 123e 456 hexadecimal numbers contain the literal characters 0x or 0x that may be prefixed with an optional plus or minus sign which must be followed by one or more hexadecimal digits the hexadecimal letters a through f can be upper or lower case example 2 informative positivehex 0xdecaf negativehex 0xc0ffee the ieee 754 value positive infinity must be the literal characters infinity and may be prefixed with an optional plus sign the ieee 754 value negative infinity must be the literal characters infinity the ieee 754 value nan must be the literal characters nan and may be prefixed with an optional plus or minus sign example 3 informative positiveinfinity infinity negativeinfinity infinity notanumber nan 7 comments comments can be either single or multi line multi line comments cannot nest comments may appear before and after any json5token a single line comment begins with two soliduses and ends with a lineterminator or the end of the document all unicode characters may be placed within the start and end except for a lineterminator a multi line comment begins with a solidus and an asterisk and ends with an asterisk and a solidus all unicode characters may be placed within the start and end except for an asterisk followed by a solidus example informative this is a single line comment this is a multi line comment 8 white space white space may appear before and after any json5token table 3 white space code points description u 0009 horizontal tab u 000a line feed u 000b vertical tab u 000c form feed u 000d carriage return u 0020 space u 00a0 non breaking space u 2028 line separator u 2029 paragraph separator u feff byte order mark unicode zs category any other character in the space separator unicode category 9 grammar json5 is defined by a lexical grammar and a syntactic grammar the lexical grammar defines productions that translate text into tokens and the syntactic grammar defines productions that translate tokens into a json5 value all productions that do not begin with the characters json5 are defined by productions of the ecmascript 5 1 lexical grammar 9 1 lexical grammar the lexical grammar for json5 has as its terminal symbols characters unicode code units that conform to the rules for json5sourcecharacter it defines a set of productions starting from the goal symbol json5inputelement that describe how sequences of such characters are translated into a sequence of input elements input elements other than white space and comments form the terminal symbols for the syntactic grammar for json5 and are called tokens these tokens are the identifiers literals and punctuators of the json5 language simple white space and comments are discarded and do not appear in the stream of input elements for the syntactic grammar productions of the lexical grammar are distinguished by having two colons as separating punctuation json5sourcecharacter sourcecharacter json5inputelement whitespace lineterminator comment json5token json5token json5identifier json5punctuator json5string json5number json5identifier identifiername json5punctuator one of json5null nullliteral json5boolean booleanliteral json5string json5doublestringcharacters opt json5singlestringcharacters opt json5doublestringcharacters json5doublestringcharacter json5doublestringcharacters opt json5singlestringcharacters json5singlestringcharacter json5singlestringcharacters opt json5doublestringcharacter sourcecharacter but not one of or or lineterminator escapesequence linecontinuation u 2028 u 2029 json5singlestringcharacter sourcecharacter but not one of or or lineterminator escapesequence linecontinuation u 2028 u 2029 json5number json5numericliteral json5numericliteral json5numericliteral json5numericliteral numericliteral infinity nan 9 2 syntactic grammar the syntactic grammar for json5 has tokens defined by the lexical grammar as its terminal symbols it defines a set of productions starting from the goal symbol json5text that describe how sequences of tokens can form syntactically correct json5 values when a stream of characters is to be parsed as a json5 value it is first converted to a stream of input elements by repeated application of the lexical grammar this stream of input elements is then parsed by a single application of the syntactic grammar the program is syntactically in error if the tokens in the stream of input elements cannot be parsed as a single instance of the goal nonterminal json5text with no tokens left over productions of the syntactic grammar are distinguished by having just one colon as punctuation json5text json5value json5value json5null json5boolean json5string json5number json5object json5array json5object json5memberlist opt json5memberlist json5member json5memberlist json5member json5member json5membername json5value json5membername json5identifier json5string json5array json5elementlist opt json5elementlist json5value json5elementlist json5value 10 parsers a json5 parser transforms a json5 text into another representation a json5 parser must accept all texts that conform to the json5 grammar a json5 parser may accept non json5 forms or extensions an implementation may set limits on the size of texts that it accepts the maximum depth of nesting the range and precision of numbers and the length and character contents of strings 11 generators a json5 generator produces json5 text the resulting text must strictly conform to the json5 grammar a conformance the key words must must not required shall shall not should should not recommended may and optional in this document are to be interpreted as described in rfc 2119 however for readability these words do not appear in all uppercase letters in this specification all of the text of this specification is normative except sections explicitly marked as non normative examples and notes examples in this specification are introduced with the words for example or are set apart from the normative text like this example informative this is an examp...