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howing the design structure and circuit diagram of the model the basic concept on which the electronic circuit works is as shown below when the two oppositely placed sensors are equally exposed the tracker is in stable state i e not rotating but when one comes under shadow it signals the circuit to rotate the panel actually the 2 axis sensor looks like this you can see clearly the sundial kind of effect in this image light source is at front right side of the sensor as seen by you below image shows the basic schematic of the tracker design as i made it notice the position of the sensor a ball socket type of joint is used which gives full freedom of rotation in two dimentions actually this design as it was later found is not stable enough for rough applications see for instance in windy weather fast moving wind will put a lot of strain on the drive belts because the torque rotating force on the back side of the panel due to wind would produce a lift force which would be imbalanced on the different halves of the panel and this is an image showing the basic very cheap and fundamental circuit design used in a sun tracker what the ic in this circuit does is to subtract the two values of voltage at oppositely placed sensors on the sensor board here s1 s2 difference of the voltages with some current amplification is what is used to drive the motor and the motor is a basic dc type so that when the output voltage after subtraction by ic is positive the motor rotates clockwise and when the output is negative the motor rotates in the opposite sense for 2 axis rotation two of the circuits are required with 2 motors or a single motor with a dividing gear s3 and s4 are part of the 2nd circuit e mail me for more info on this project if you know anything about sun trackers please take some time to share it with me thanks my e mail address mridul dot nangal at gmail com 4 comments post a comment thursday june 22 2006 khool ac summer heat is on and that makes me think you may have probably heard of solar air conditioner it can produce cooling effect by absorbing heat from sunlight normally these types of acs are absorption type refrigeration systems using ammonia cycle salt and vapor pressure stuff but these are still limited to research labs and some commercial applications in this post i m going to talk about using electricity solar to get some extra points of efficiency from your existing ac the inspiration for this idea came from ice factories industrial cooling towers our fridge and the thermodynamics chapter in my physics textbook lets start with the basics i e physics basics physics it rhymes 2nd law of thermodynamics tells us that energy flows in one direction only whenever there is a net increase in the disorderliness entropy of a thing it flows from a less disordered state to more for example you put a drop of ink in a beaker full of water ink spreads i e becomes more disordered you can t expect the dissolved ink to converge and become a drop again similar things happen with our drawers and cupboards actually it is the 2nd law of thermodynamics that gives direction to time think about this coming back to our ac an ac or fridge seems to break this law isn t it how it can pick out heat from a cold area and throw it in the hot one as cold air is more ordered you can see ac tries to decrease disorderliness on the in side and increase it on the out side but the 2nd law says for anything to happen in this universe there should be a net increase in disorderliness so we can say that if an ac is working then it throws more heat out side than it absorbs from in side now from where that extra heat is coming of course from the electricity that it consumes now you see why an ac works click here if you want to know how it works efficiency a refrigerator continuously cycles a series of thermodynamic processes to transfer heat from low temp to high temp as you saw earlier this cycle is not 100 efficient it has to throw out more heat than it can capture for an ideal refrigerator as shown the thermodynamic cycle is called carnot cycle and it is called carnot refrigerator its efficiency is not expressed in percent but in coefficient of performance cop given by kc is the cop clearly efficiency of a fridge or ac depends on the temperature difference between inside and outside more its cop better it is if t h and t l are both close to each other then the denominator is close to zero and cop jumps see the graph it is clear from the graph that for lower outside temperatures ac performs best we generally set the thermostat around 24 to 26 degrees in this temperature range you can see how dramatic is the effect of lower outside temperatures that s why an ac will perform best in europe and worst in south asia at our place in india temperature lies around 40 degrees so the black curve in the above graph shows how it ll perform whew now the climax at the back of an ac you ll find a large copper coil with aluminum fins called condenser that coil is the t h region as shown in the diagram above if we could somehow reduce the temperature of this coil ac s performance will increase there is a large fan along the coil for cooling and the aluminum fins act as heat sink just like the cooling mechanism on your computer processor my idea is to use a small water pump and a container to continuously sprinkle water on the condenser coil thereby reducing its temperature considerably water is a good conductor of heat and it has really good capacity to hold heat that s the reason why car engines are cooled by water amazing thing about this concept is that the cooling fan will blow air on the wet fins evaporating water thereby cooling the coils even below the temp of water itself win win situation using this concept of water cooling we save energy as efficiency of the ac increases its energy consumption will decrease secondly using this concept we are producing more energy how we saw earlier that water evaporates when sprinkled on condenser coil water vapor thus formed rise upwards to form clouds producing rain this rain water then travels down the rivers eventually ending up behind a dam producing power simple isn t it 20 to 50 watt pump will be sufficient you can even use a small solar panel to do the job more sunlight gives more pumping power so get going and do something of course don t forget to tell me click on comments to give feedback on this post 2 comments post a comment monday april 17 2006 knowing sun tracker sun tracker as the name says is a device that helps a solar device it can be a cell panel or dish etc keep track of the sun from morning to evening but there is lot more to know than just this sun trackers are generally not used for simple solar panels but they re absolutely essential for a solar power plant but if you believe me sun tracker can help increase overall efficiency of a solar installation by over 40 and i proved it and made a simple device to show the effect it helped me bag intel science talent award 2004 so lets start with the basics how it increases efficiency common sense tells us that when an object faces the sun directly it receives more heat try it face your left palm in the direction of sun on a sunny day you ll feel heat and now turn your hand clockwise what do you feel similarly when a solar cell faces the sun intensity of light falling on it is maximum there is a mathematical law associated with this called lambert s cosine law which says that intensity of light falling on a plane is directly porpotional to the cosine of the angle made by the direction of the source to the normal of the plane see below from the equation it can be understood that when the angle is 0 degree i e when sun is directly overhead magnitude of the equation is maximum as cos 0 1 it follows that if we somehow keep the panel aligned with the sun we ll operate our solar panel on maximum light possible all the time thus compared to a fixed panel we ll get more power from a tracker equipped panel this is what i proved in the science fair 45 increase in power how does it work i made an intelligent electronic 2 axis tracker 2 axis means in addition to normal morning to evening movement it also takes into account seasonal movement of the sun i e north south movement i ll explain the basic circuit here to sense the position of sun in the sky two light sensors called ldr are used in the following configuration left side of the picture shows two orange colored sensors mounted on sensor board right side describes the case when sun s position shifts clearly you can see that when the position of sun shifts one sensor comes in the shadow of the opaque object when there is less light on the sensor its electrical resistance increases now here left side sensor s resistance increases and the right one remains the same this change is detected by an electronic circuit which then moves the sensor board here clockwise so that once again both the sensors are equally exposed this way it corrects itself continuously and the output from the circuit is used to control a solar panel using dc motors as i made it click for larger view in a new window how much does it cost you ll be surprised to know that actually you save quite a lot of money by using this as i ve told earlier there is 40 gain in efficiency that means you ll get 40 more power by paying the same price let s suppose that i want 1000w power from solar installation case i cost i rs 200 w 4 50 multiply 1000 rs 200000 4500 case ii i buy a sun tracker worth around rs 5000 112 and get 40 more power to get the same energy output as earlier i need a solar panel with 40 less power output i e 600 watt power panel so cost ii rs 200 w multiply 600 rs 120000 2700 plus rs 5000 112 rs 125000 2812 comparing following case ii i save rs 75000 1688 these savings include the cost of tracker isn t that lots of money but why it isn t widely used then because it is difficult to install on roof tops rotating space is required but it can be used on street lights i proved in the science fair that it has potential and moreover for small applications like street lights tracker needn t be too much accurate cost of tracker can be kept down see even if we take worst case scenario the cost of tracker can never come anywhere near the huge savings we get by reducing power of solar panels for home systems there is a new idea see here why these are essential in solar power plants solar power plants generally use concentrating mechanisms to get intense sunlight used for producing power concentrators focus sunlight on a point to maintain focus a concentrator needs to be accurately aligned with sun all the time without sun trackers they cannot focus sunlight and are rendered useless didn t understand something need more data do you know more you like it tell me click on comments below provide your feedback now 32 comments post a comment wednesday march 29 2006 solar hydrogen electricity solar energy to hydrogen to electricity this is the process that ll be used in future solar power plants as i believe currently electricity is directly generated by combustion of coal or gas but in the case of solar energy it can t be done so because you know sunlight is generally intermittent and is unavailable at night so a storage medium is required which can be hydrogen but hydrogen as you know is difficult to store and is still a research topic if offshore solar concept is used then there is no use of hydrogen as energy can be stored in rig s own towers legs read the previous post to know more i have nothing to write more today as i have to delve into some nice big books to study integration and electromagnetic waves and also today was solar eclipse i used a pin hole camera to view it at my home camera was made using old ivory paper sheet rolled up and another sheet to view the projection see what i saw and the apparatus 1 comments post a comment thursday march 23 2006 energy storage out in the sea today an idea developed into my mind while reading a physics chapter its about energy storage in the sea to be used with the offshore solar earlier post project its a quite intuitive idea you might have observed a phenomenon while playing with water i do it daily that when you try to put an inverted mug into bucket full of water you have to push it downwards into water and it bounces back when let free while pushing it you are actually trying to oppose a force applied by water from downwards this force is called buoyant force discovered by archimedes now i m trying to visualize a similar thing for sea imagine a large and heavy hollow tower with closed top say a giant pipe with closed end immerse this tower into sea water so that water goes inside and fills it up enough so that it floats lets call it energy tower this tower is now closed from the bottom too so that water stays inside valves are used for opening and closing on both ends imagine that we re generating huge amount of energy from the solar rig to store some energy for night use we ll use a fraction of energy generated during the day to pump out water from the energy tower as water is pumped out of the tower it rises due to buoyant force just like a balloon rises in water when inflated but its huge weight tries to keep it down and so a very high water pressure starts to build outside the energy tower as evening sets in power production from the solar rig ceases and now our energy tower comes to life all air and water valves are let open and instantly water gushes in with huge force simply place a water turbine at this end to produce power from the gushing water just like turbines used in hydro projects dam this i think is an easy way to store energy at sea and it has virtually unlimited capacity i guess it ll work great with solar rigs what do you say tell us by clicking on comments below i wanted to put some pictures here but couldn t due to lack of time i m preparing for college entrance tests these days also i ve developed a flash based easy read feature to be used with text based sites like blogs so that users can easily read text on screen it s partially developed and it ll take some more time due to my tests 10 comments post a comment wednesday march 08 2006 knowing parabolic concentrators this image shows a large parabolic concentrator focussing sunlight at the smaller parabola in the middle which in turn does the opposite i e it turns the focussed light into a parallel but narrow beam of light click on the image for larger view will open in a new window a word about the parabolic shape a parabola is the name given basically to the shape generated when a conic section a birthday hat oppositely placed over another is cut by a plane say a plane sheet of metal along its side mathematical analysis of the cut surface shows a distinct property every point on a parabolic curve is equidistant from a point and a line the point is called focus and the line is called directrix see below this property of a parabolic c...