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ápagos journal of biogeography 43 533 543 2015 frank bromeliad phytotelmata and their biota especially mosquitoes pp 101 128 in frank j h lounibos l p eds phytotelmata terrestrial plants as hosts for aquatic insect communities plexus publishing inc medford 1983 goffredi kantor woodside aquatic microbial habitats within a neotropical rainforest bromeliads and ph associated trends in bacterial diversity and composition microbial ecology 61 529 542 2011a goffredi et al bromeliad catchments as habitats for methanogenesis in tropical rainforest canopies frontiers in microbiology 2 256 2011b jassey et al an unexpected role for mixotrophs in the response of peatland carbon cycling to climate warming scientific reports 1 10 2015 jassey et al loss of testate amoeba functional diversity with increasing frost intensity across a continental gradient reduces microbial activity in peatlands european journal of protistology 55 190 202 2016 kitching food webs and container habitats the natural history and ecology of phytotelmata cambridge university press cambridge 2000 kolicka et al hidden invertebrate diversity phytotelmata in bromeliaceae from palm houses and florist wholesalers poland biologia 71 194 203 2016 laessle a micro limnological study of jamaican bromeliads ecology 42 499 517 1961 louca et al high taxonomic variability despite stable functional structure across microbial communities nature ecology evolution 1 1 12 2016 maguire phytotelmata biota and community structure determination in plant held waters annual review of ecology and systematics 2 439 464 1971 martinelli gefährdete raritäten bromelien im at lantischen regenwald spektrum der wissenschaft 6 2000 66 73 2000 martinson et al methane emissions from tank bromeliads in neotropical forests nature geoscience 3 766 769 2010 picado les broméliacées epiphytes considérées comme milieu biologique bulletin scientifique de la france et de la belgique 47 215 360 1913 richardson the bromeliad microcosm and the assessment of faunal diversity in a neotropical forest biotropica 31 321 336 1999 schönborn lehrbuch der limnologie schweitzerbart stuttgart 2003 torres and schwarzbold procta em associacao com vriesea sp bromeliaceae tres novos taxa de amebas tes taceas protoctista rhizopoda testacealobosea not faun gembloux 41 105 113 2000 posted in vincent jassey leave a comment who is hiding behind these square scales or the mystery of the origin of square shell plates in testate amoebae posted on february 20 2017 by eadmitchell contributed by anush kosakyan it would be hard to find a testate amoeba lover who does not know the genus quadrulella these vase shaped species are a very unique group within family hyalospheniidae arcellinida since they are capable of secreting their own square or rectangular shell scales or plates these scales are characterisstic only for this genus while most other members of the family are predators that build their shell by using mainly recycled plates taken or scavenged from other testate amoebae i e kleptosquamy lahr et al 2015 my story started in the summer of 2013 when edward mitchell returned from his holiday in south africa with a bag of sphagnum samples the samples were full of quadrulella shells including species that had never been seen since their original description back in 1957 and that was it the right time for single cell barcoding of this group from this material we obtained very interesting results that have been published recently kosakyan et al 2016 the most surprising result was that organisms presenting square shell plates appeared not to be monophyletic two different groups of taxa with square scales genus quadrulella and newly established genus mrabella were indeed placed far from each other on the mtcoi based phylogenetic tree we thought of two possible evolutionary scenarios to explain this situation these two hypotheses depend on whether the square shaped plates in an organism have an autogenous or exogenous origin this is a relevant aspect because hyalospheniids are known to engage in the behaviour of kleptosquamy or recycling of shell plates produced by other organisms lahr et al 2015 assuming that all amoebae that present square shaped plates in their shells have produced them autogenously the phylogenetic hypothesis presented here indicates homoplasy 1 either the ability to produce square plates is an ancestral character that has been lost in a number of lineages reversion or 2 this character has evolved more than once independently convergence we have assumed that convergence is the most parsimonious alternative see the detailed discussion in the paper for further detail with only two steps required one event in genus quadrulella and another independent event in genus mrabella although we should not forget another unrelated group of organisms that are capable of producing square plates the shelled amoeba paraquadrulla is capable of producing calcareous square plates the genus has not been sequenced yet but while it is almost certainly an arcellinid it is most likely unrelated to hyalosphenids or at best branches in a basal position to the whole group alternatively considering the fact that majority of hyalosphenids have the ability to scavenge plates from prey and use them to make the shell kleptosquamy a possible scenario is that mrabella is in fact using scales from preyed quadrulella or scavenging these scales from the environment to construct the shell and indeed this was our first guess when we saw the description of nebela galeata current name gibbocarina galeata from africa by gauthier lièvre 1957 it is almost identical to q subcarinata in general shape and dimensions of the test l 180 200 b 98 144 a 31 41 μm see figure gauthier lièvre 1957 in her fig 10a showed that square plates typical for quadrulella can be integrated in the shell of n galeata this is very easy to explain since gauthier lièvre 1957 documented other quadrulella species from the same locality where she found n galeata and q subcarinata thus other quadrulella species could have provided the square plates use by these two species legend a line drawing of gibbocarina nebela galeata from congo by gauthier lievre 1957 b and c scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy micrographs of mrabella subcarinata from south africa scale bars 50 µm in a and 20 µm in b modified from kosakyan et al 2016 however things are not that easy in our case for two reasons 1 mrabella would specifically select these plates a trait that is not known for any other hyalosphenid presenting kleptosquamy these species generally use a mixture of plates from different origins to build their shell see for instance apodera vas in fig 69 in meisterfeld 2002 2 if not specifically selecting then quadrulella would have to be the most abundant prey organism or quadrulella plates would have to be the most abundant in the environment both options are likely not true since quadrulella tends to be present in low abundance in comparison to euglypha although euglypha was not abundant in our sample where we found mrabella subcarinata a genus of filose testate amoebae which is generally abundant and produces oval and ornamented siliceous plates additionally there are a number of other described species in genus quadrulella that differ from the tear shaped morphology of quadrulella s str these also present similar shapes to other genera quadrulella vas q constricta apodera vas q lageniformis padaungiella lageniformis q tubulata p tubulata these mirror species could either be a result of convergent evolution or alternatively represent cases of the classical hyalosphenids a vas padaungiella ssp that live in environments where euglyphids are rare but quadrulella are abundant enough to provide material for building their shells we have suggested that at this point these quadrulella species must be treated as incertae sedis and their sequencing will certainly illuminate the conundrum of the evolution of square shaped plates references gauther lievre l 1957 additions aux nebela d afrique bull soc hist nat l afrique du nord 48 494 523 kosakyan a lahr d j g mulot m meisterfeld r mitchell e a d and lara e 2016 phylogenetic reconstruction based on coi reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled testate amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes cladistics 32 606 623 doi 10 1111 cla 12167 posted in uncategorized leave a comment what s in a name something completely different to be said about taxonomic nomenclature posted on february 17 2017 by eadmitchell by edward a d mitchell laboratory of soil biodiversity university of neuchâtel switzerland with the advent of high throughput sequencing estimates of global diversity are being totally revised for us protistologists arguably much more importantly so is the picture of how diversity is distributed among the different branches of the tree of life the image that emerges is one that shows a huge unknown diversity among protists at all levels from major groups i e environmental clades and within known groups i e from more or less divergent groups to complexes of cryptic and pseudo cryptic species this is fascinating and to say the least mind boggling and a much welcome development for making a case about the need to study protists more intensively it is indeed impossible today to ignore this diversity and the many functional roles that protists play in all ecosystems but this unknown diversity also calls for a massive investment in taxonomy and as we all know there are only few active protist taxonomists we therefore need to train a new generation of taxonomists to meet the huge challenge of keeping up with the novel discoveries resulting from molecular studies and indeed combining molecular and traditional microscopy approaches is the key to doing this job properly but there is also an often overlooked but important aspect of taxonomy besides the critically important fact that descriptions need to be done correctly in order not to make a huge mess of nomenclature naming a species choosing an appropriate name is indeed not always easy should we name a species after an esteemed colleague the geographical location where the species was found a morphological feature of the species or should we try to find a name that also allows non specialists to relate to the species thus providing an excellent opportunity to increase the impact of the finding and making a broader audience aware of the sheer existence of our beloved amoebae i firmly believe that witty names are useful they make us happy allow many lively discussions to take place among colleagues and are much appreciated by journalists always keen to report on something completely different monty python 1971 the choice of names tells a lot about the personality and cultural references of the author here are three recent examples among testate amoebae padaungiella lara todorov 2012 this genus of hyalosphenid testate amoebae is characterised by an elongated neck kosakyan et al 2012 the idea for this name came to me while riding my bicycle a great source of inspiration i knew about the existence of some african tribes that used metal necklaces to elongate the necks of woman allegedly if the woman cheated on her man he would remove the necklaces and she would die due to cervical spine injury i did a bit of research on this and found out that there were two unrelated tribes using such necklaces one in africa with independent circular necklaces piled on top of each other and one in asia padaung https en wikipedia org wiki kayan_people_ myanmar with a single spiral necklace the latter corresponded much better to the shape of the amoeba shell and hence we decided to choose this name at the time of writing this post there were 1 110 hits for padaungiella in google padaungiella wailesii left picture by e mitchell and a padaung woman right source http www chiangdao com chiangmai karenlongneck htm nebela gimlii singer lara 2015 this species was named after gimli http lotr wikia com wiki gimli a dwarf in tolkien s lord of the rings saga singer et al 2015 this dwarf wanders in forests during the saga something dwarfs are not supposed to do much this species being the smallest of the species complex and being found in forested bogs the name seemed appropriate newspapers as far as austria wrote about this http www krone at wissen amoebenart nach figur aus herr der ringe benannt in torfmoor entdeckt story 497678 at the time of writing this post there were 188 hits for nebela gimlii in google arcella gandalfi féres porfírio sousa ribeiro rocha sterza souza soares lahr 2016 this large arcella species bears striking resemblance to gandalf s hat and thus logically was named after this even more famous character of the lord of the rings féres et al 2016 tolkien 1954 http lotr wikia com wiki gandalf arcella gandalfi left from féres et al 2016 and gandalf as played by ian mckellen in the lord of the rings triology right source http lotr wikia com wiki gandalf the media picked up on this story even more and this illustrates again how a well chosen name can significantly contribute to making our field of research more visible arcella gandalfi has 31 600 hits on google at the time of writing this post to this date news agencies in more than 15 countries reported on this including brazil usa germany france russia india mexico spain turkey argentina hungary indonesia croatia south korea ukraine gandalf clearly wins well done fellows who s next there s no end to the fun references féres j c porfírio sousa a l ribeiro g m rocha g m sterza j m souza m b g soares c e a lahr d j g 2016 morphological and morphometric description of a novel shelled amoeba arcella gandalfi sp nov amoebozoa arcellinida from brazilian continental waters acta protozool 55 4 kosakyan a heger t j leander b s todorov m mitchell e a d lara e 2012 coi barcoding of nebelid testate amoebae amoebozoa arcellinida extensive cryptic diversity and redefinition of the hyalospheniidae schultze protist 163 415 434 monty python 1971 and now for something completely different in macnaughton i ed monty python s flying circus columbia pictures united kingdom p 95 minutes singer d kosakyan a pillonel a mitchell e a d lara e 2015 eight species in the nebela collaris complex nebela gimlii arcellinida hyalospheniidae a new species described from a swiss raised bog european journal of protistology 51 79 85 tolkien j r r 1954 the fellowship of the ring the lord of the rings boston ballantine books new york posted in uncategorized 3 comments post navigation older posts international society for testate amoeba research istar editors bob booth usa dan lahr brazil edward mitchell switzerland vincent jassey switzerland contributors bob booth usa dan lahr brazil daniel puppe germany edward mitchell switzerland katarzyna marcisz poland matt amesbury uk vincent jassey switzerland search recent posts a useful resource data base 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