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f porter s new friend full of gentle irony accurate lucid in the vernacular poetic in conciseness the reader is riveted strength of style and humour coupled with an inventive narrative and acute observation amply compensate for the unlikely the intolerable hypocritical albino blind early roommate whom porter cunningly ousts sex in a dusty tower the fat friend eunice tiny yeomans of the unhappy home life who finds romance the falsely justifiable and improbable pranks like the the thick scattering of toilet paper over the campus in readiness for a vip visit and so many other encounters and adventures porter himself is not to be so readily dismissed he has an independent turn of spirit that often rebels at the start he is prevailed upon to join his father s fraternity but is never comfortable he and tiny after an initial clash had found mutual help in their studies and became firm friends to his eternal credit after calling upon his father to rescue her from financial straits in the third year he then when it comes to a squalid issue with the fraternity who briefly want to exclude her from a dance loosed his ties in support of his friend on the arrival of a new lecturer in the third year philosophy becomes porter s fresh and abiding interest in the hands of his gifted tutor dr robert rudh who systematically deconstructs the christian faith and reinstates it in his third year also porter witnesses the discrediting of a self righteous religious bigot who seeks the dismissal of leading lecturers on religious grounds porter s time at college coincides with the outbreak of ww2 and he adopts a detached if thoughtful attitude then comes the japanese attack on pearl harbour the grief the effect on plans and the postponement of aspiration as duty calls you discover life is not such a trudge that oblivion is not so certain and that college is more than just a fun time it is when the quiet insistent voice of life s river may first be discerned 8 comments july 28 2014 by richard c s lewis mere christianity cs lewis image by taylor marshall as with the problem of pain one reading is not enough to identify a coherent theme although in the case of mere christianity the work is immensely more readable the reason for this is that it derives from a series of wartime talks given by the author and broadcast by the bbc between 1942 and 1944 thus the style is easy conversational even the content is however taut and deceptively difficult even though richly supported by verbal illustration and analogy lewis asserts that he provides a common base for all christianity irrespective of denomination and this he hopes to achieve by avoiding controversial theological issues the marked omission is a treatment of transubstantiation that crucial dividing line between roman catholic and protestant and a divergence between the approaches of luther and calvin yet this is no loss because the question is to a non christian of no theological consequence whatsoever in christianity however as lewis explains in a different context the relation to the physical world is important god becomes flesh and it is the body that is resurrected after death physical love is something to be relished so how to regard the elements of the eucharist does matter god though is decidedly not nature there is no concession to pantheism he states clearly that it is not his purpose to convert after demonstrating that the sense of right and wrong is innate to humanity the natural law he shows how this may be extended to give meaning to the universe a question never asked by science god gives us the choice to be good or bad and offers us through the redemptive nature of his son the opportunity to repent and make good our wrongs for all eternity lewis uses the word sin which is an overloaded expression in modern times it is unfortunate that the devil is a fallen angel one who made the wrong choice and is constantly there tempting us along the wrong road there is no alternative but to give up our will entirely to christ and we shall then achieve our full glory as individuals and share with him in heaven if it is to be taken literally all this may seem a little far fetched to an outsider lewis is adamant though it is the reality it is as well to note then that he started out as an atheist he found it hard to continue in opposition to the vast majority of humanity and it was an intense relief when the light dawned on him while on a motor car journey lewis was no intellectual slouch at oxford he defended christianity over a number of years against all comers in the socratic society not until an encounter with fellow christian and catholic philosopher g e m anscombe was his confidence shaken she said he mistakenly equated irrational causes with non rational causes and confused the concepts of cause reason and explanation this he said undermined his whole argument against naturalism the contention that god is nature no matter he tackles the matter of the trinity isaac newton was a unitarian so it is perhaps fitting that lewis should use a mathematical analogy consider the restrictions of the one dimensional world of the line expand it to the square of two dimensions and finally to the cube of of three dimensions a square has just four lines but a cube has twelve edges and six faces so it is not hard to see a picture that what to us is three in a higher order becomes the three in one of father son and holy ghost and has existed since before time itself the son is begotten not like you and me created of the father and the holy ghost is that which dwells within us a christian who faithfully pursues a life of christ and becomes a new man is occasionally recognisable in the seven virtues with which he is blessed there are four cardinal virtues prudence temperance justice and fortitude in modern language common sense moderation fairness and bravery with endurance then the three theological virtues faith hope and charity hope is in the hereafter which sharpens the good that can be done in this world charity is love not alms and is not emotional but a state of will that has to be learned central is humility limitless forgiveness and a refusal to judge others forgiveness must have been hard for his wartime audience to swallow christianity does not claim to be an easy path the faith promises to make us sons of god like christ himself by becoming him thus achieving the purpose of god s creation lewis s smooth tongue and strange amalgam of logic and metaphysics are hard to resist contrary to his object of providing a description of the christian religion common to all sects what we writes instead is sermon and a highly personal confession of faith there is little here of the ascetic or spiritual experience and in that respect it is stark god is no pacifist and thus we need have no qualm to punish a wrongdoer or to kill in battle remember these were wartime talks and he himself had fought in the great war where i do profoundly agree with him however and experience commonly with him is the discovery of the peace and tranquility which christianity and the community of christians bring to the troubles regrets and traumas that characterise the journey through life unlike any other religion christianity provides a glimpse of god s personality that is neither anthropomorphic nor austere for that i have no explanation 11 comments july 13 2014 by richard marx and engels the communist manifesto only forty pages of this book constitute the manifesto itself britain in 1848 the year of the manifesto was a much divided country and there was a general fear of revolution the enlightenment had brought about a new way of seeing the world along with advances in science and mathematics came the harnessing of power no longer was manufacture and food production dependent on the horse and the water mill james watts steam engine the condensing engine applied to hargrave s spinning jenny invented in 1770 and to cartwright s power loom invented in 1785 and his wool combing machine invented in 1789 brought the production of cotton goods on an enormous scale and revolutionised agriculture reducing the need for human labour a network of canals provided the necessary boost to transport enabling raw materials to be moved to the sites of manufacture and products to be carried away for consumption and export trevithick s steam locomotive invented in 1802 brought power to transport and stephenson s rocket of 1829 marked the beginning of the railways in search of a better life and relief from hand to mouth existence rural workers moved from the country to the towns only to find squalor exploitation disease and early death for themselves and their children there were exceptions enlightened manufacturers like wedgwood and the quakers rowntree and cadbury provided decent housing fair benefits and a reasonable life for their workers that was not the norm business was the new political power that eclipsed the aristocracy and disrupted the social structures that had developed over centuries profit was the principal motive of the mill owners and to achieve this they were entirely ruthless in their use of human labour similar inhumanity occurred in agriculture and 1832 saw the creation of the first trade union in tolpuddle in dorset in 1834 six men were transported to australia for their activities this caused widespread outrage and a protest march resulted in four of them returning to england marx and engels were correct if selective in their analysis and a group of communists gathered in london marx was tired and sick so although marx s name is appended it was engels who wrote the resulting communist manifesto the preamble mentions none of these injustices records the alarm which the communists party is creating among the powerful and announces i communism is already acknowledged by all european powers to be in itself a power ii it is high time that communists should openly in the face of the whole world publish their views their aims their tendencies and meet this nursery tale of the spectre of communism with a manifesto of the party itself to this end communists of various nationalities have assembled in london and sketched the following manifesto to be published in the english french german italian flemish and danish languages the original was in german thus from the outset political power is to oust profit straightaway the lines are drawn between the bourgeois who are blamed for all ills and the proletarians there is to be a class war engels provides definitions of the bourgoisie and the proletariate in a footnote as an afterthought one imagines by bourgeoisie is meant the class of modern capitalists owners of the means of social production and employers of wage labour by proletariate the class of modern wage labourers who having no means of production of their own are reduced to selling their labour to live the solution is set out after a long analysis and a self confident rationale in ten measures 1 abolition of property in land and application of all rents to public purposes 2 a heavy progressive or graduated income tax 3 abolition of all rights of inheritance 4 confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels 5 centralisation of credit in the hands of the state by means of a national bank with state capital and an exclusive monopoly 6 centralisation of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the state 7 extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the state the bringing together of wastelands and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan 8 equal liability of all labour establishment of industrial armies especially for agriculture 9 combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries gradual abolition of the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution of the population over the country 10 free education for all children in public schools abolition of children s factory labour in its present form combination of education with industrial production c c sic nowhere is mentioned the abolition of money earlier the manifesto plans the abolition of the family as having evolved to nothing other than bourgeois property and denounces the progress of women because it takes work away from men echoes in modern politics are clear the humanitarian issues earn only a brief qualified note right at the end the measures are to be achieved by an iron grip on the way people are to be allowed to live their lives with resort to force where necessary socialists are bracketed with the bourgeoisie there were apparently three brands of socialism feudal socialism they join in all coercive measures against the working class despite their high falutin phrases they stoop to pick up the golden apples dropped from the tree of industry and to barter truth love and honour for traffic in wool beetroot sugar and potato spirits nothing is easier than to give christian asceticism a socialist tinge petty bourgeois socialism the mediaeval burgesses and the small peasant proprietors were the precursors of the modern bourgeoisie ultimately when stubborn historical facts had dispersed all intoxicating effects of self deception this form of socialism ended in a miserable fit of the blues german or true socialism german philosophers seized on french communist literature only forgetting french social conditions had not immigrated along with them the so called socialist and communist publications that now 1847 circulate in germany belong to the domain of this foul and enervating literature finally the manifesto announces the communists disdain to conceal their views and aims they openly declare their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions let the ruling classes tremble at a communist revolution the proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains they have a world to win and famously working men of all countries unite take your pick a property owning proletariate operating in a free market with minimal government or government imposed violently ever present in every aspect of life 34 comments post navigation older posts follow the critical word on wordpress com search recent posts stendhal the red and the black fidelio fulfilled hope in freedom all conquering married love fidelio peter ackroyd london the biography recent comments cheri on fidelio richard on fidelio cheri on fidelio richard on peter ackroyd london the cyberquill on peter ackroyd london the richard on peter ackroyd london the cyberquill on peter ackroyd london the richard on peter ackroyd london the christopher on peter ackroyd london the richard on peter ackroyd london the create a free website or blog at wordpress com the critical word create a free website or blog at wordpress com subscribe subscribed the critical word sign me up already have a wordpress com account log in now privacy the critical word subscribe subscribed sign up log in report 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