Meta tags:
description=Posts about Smallpox written by These Bones Of Mine;

Headings (most frequently used words):

blog, of, disease, smallpox, stats, these, bones, mine, infectious, part, treponemal, the, origins, tuberculosis, search, follow, archive, recent, posts, categories, email, subscription, archives, tags, roll,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (209), archaeology (160), university (78), and (74), human (54), blog (45), #disease (42), smallpox (35), 2011 (29), 2014 (28), anthropology (27), that (27), archaeological (26), for (25), 2012 (25), 2016 (25), 2013 (23), osteology (22), 2015 (22), from (22), history (21), bone (21), research (20), variola (20), with (19), bones (19), manchester (19), 2010 (19), science (18), world (18), march (18), 2017 (18), 2007 (18), museum (17), american (17), july (17), october (17), journal (16), british (16), february (16), may (16), august (16), september (16), november (16), roberts (16), its (16), palaeopathology (15), diseases (15), ancient (15), bioarchaeology (15), april (15), has (15), june (14), december (14), january (14), 2018 (14), treponemal (14), this (13), blogging (13), heritage (13), medieval (13), syphilis (13), post (12), evolution (12), are (12), 2009 (12), origin (12), project (11), academia (11), access (11), 2019 (11), infectious (11), was (11), york (10), jobs (10), open (10), new (10), european (10), education (10), war (10), brown (10), tuberculosis (10), origins (9), death (9), neolithic (9), forensic (9), literature (9), public (9), outreach (9), skull (9), waldron (9), spread (9), virus (9), 2005 (9), email (8), have (8), sheffield (8), london (8), geographic (8), funerary (8), anatomy (8), international (8), skeletal (8), medical (8), guest (8), cambridge (8), day (8), population (8), first (8), but (8), form (8), dna (8), these (7), mine (7), east (7), society (7), fibrous (7), dysplasia (7), past (7), biological (7), modern (7), john (7), culture (7), art (7), mesolithic (7), physical (7), biology (7), disability (7), review (7), populations (7), years (7), historical (7), domestication (7), african (7), genetic (7), during (7), however (7), there (7), major (7), not (7), pallidum (7), one (6), archaeologist (6), time (6), rothwell (6), association (6), national (6), body (6), material (6), field (6), rights (6), america (6), trust (6), bajr (6), fracture (6), variation (6), vertebrae (6), molecular (6), biomolecular (6), found (6), were (6), venereal (6), native (6), site (5), wordpress (5), com (5), carnival (5), remains (5), age (5), muscles (5), mortuary (5), slavery (5), institute (5), interview (5), osteoarchaeology (5), english (5), don (5), travel (5), digital (5), burial (5), stats (5), 2020 (5), posts (5), two (5), west (5), south (5), state (5), publishing (5), prehistoric (5), phylogenetics (5), osteological (5), more (5), present (5), early (5), skeleton (5), africa (5), adna (5), century (5), recent (5), press (5), into (5), either (5), 000 (5), minor (5), study (5), lucas (5), melo (5), hunnius (5), bouwman (5), used (5), clade (5), whilst (5), website (4), comments (4), free (4), bodies (4), dig (4), teesside (4), reddit (4), pnas (4), osteo (4), nature (4), confusedious (4), your (4), basics (4), excavation (4), archaeologists (4), lives (4), palaeolithic (4), different (4), photography (4), personal (4), ossuary (4), england (4), short (4), studies (4), conferences (4), environment (4), care (4), academic (4), freedom (4), address (4), cave (4), social (4), second (4), asian (4), academy (4), roman (4), dentition (4), natural (4), homo (4), historic (4), cultural (4), game (4), documentary (4), augustus (4), larsen (4), central (4), humans (4), record (4), data (4), infection (4), animals (4), highly (4), virulent (4), between (4), ago (4), can (4), had (4), possible (4), hogan (4), harchelroad (4), primary (4), which (4), rate (4), virulence (4), samples (4), stage (4), subspecies (4), transmission (4), like (3), sign (3), subscribe (3), join (3), 987 (3), other (3), subscribers (3), hull (3), under (3), zoology (3), arctic (3), foundation (3), apprentice (3), tees (3), survivors (3), surgery (3), der (3), little (3), risk (3), scholarly (3), charnel (3), chapple (3), watch (3), powered (3), osteons (3), plos (3), blogs (3), horizons (3), guide (3), oxford (3), journals (3), introduction (3), artist (3), middle (3), microburin (3), mccune (3), albright (3), syndrome (3), life (3), another (3), anthropological (3), hawks (3), palaeoanthropology (3), ifa (3), prehistory (3), facial (3), theatre (3), company (3), digitised (3), current (3), cranial (3), council (3), out (3), dead (3), lie (3), employment (3), pick (3), updates (3), durham (3), courses (3), writing (3), trauma (3), russian (3), reflection (3), musculoskeletal (3), msc (3), collections (3), magdeburg (3), course (3), dissection (3), higher (3), cuts (3), entries (3), guardian (3), egyptian (3), media (3), anatomical (3), terms (3), tags (3), 2021 (3), william (3), where (3), sailing (3), terminology (3), cemetery (3), rss (3), rome (3), empire (3), park (3), paul (3), pathology (3), cuneiform (3), irish (3), great (3), french (3), film (3), exploration (3), island (3), australian (3), categories (3), last (3), archive (3), follow (3), smith (3), also (3), helping (3), rates (3), before (3), note (3), investigations (3), likely (3), ancestral (3), 2000 (3), main (3), later (3), above (3), clock (3), 1997 (3), wagner (3), 15787 (3), 15788 (3), analysis (3), records (3), evidence (3), been (3), here (3), infected (3), colonial (3), subsequent (3), although (3), 711 (3), yaws (3), noted (3), pinta (3), get (2), required (2), comment (2), report (2), log (2), subscribed (2), now (2), thomas (2), unicef (2), timevista (2), then (2), man (2), penny (2), near (2), good (2), facts (2), ignorance (2), eye (2), activist (2), problems (2), tea (2), violence (2), stone (2), does (2), arch (2), magazine (2), scholars (2), scatterfeed (2), royal (2), chapel (2), robert (2), rich (2), grad (2), opportunities (2), permanent (2), database (2), resource (2), occupy (2), musings (2), unemployed (2), anti (2), mike (2), sans (2), frontieres (2), mauricio (2), saravia (2), just (2), direct (2), best (2), services (2), imponderabilia (2), humour (2), humber (2), tissue (2), authority (2), hazelnut (2), relations (2), gogol (2), bordello (2), support (2), four (2), databases (2), find (2), phd (2), work (2), elysium (2), elmet (2), irina (2), metzler (2), dental (2), deathsplanation (2), daily (2), radiology (2), thoughts (2), conflict (2), antiquities (2), cara (2), need (2), broke (2), recovery (2), bad (2), avaaz (2), news (2), antiquity (2), anthropologie (2), terrain (2), gender (2), sex (2), amateur (2), things (2), jazeera (2), zooarchaeology (2), wellcome (2), volunteering (2), volunteer (2), ussr (2), upper (2), bradford (2), ucl (2), taphonomy (2), series (2), russia (2), polyostotic (2), impairment (2), museums (2), system (2), muscle (2), attachment (2), sites (2), lbk (2), grampus (2), germany (2), german (2), thinking (2), economy (2), doug (2), modelling (2), community (2), commercial (2), books (2), book (2), biomechanics (2), babao (2), abroad (2), legislation (2), 366 (2), 018 (2), hits (2), 2024 (2), archives (2), receive (2), front (2), you (2), hill (2), pottery (2), burroughs (2), cemeteries (2), wisconsin (2), florida (2), reading (2), liverpool (2), lincoln (2), california (2), bordeaux (2), politics (2), types (2), tooth (2), morphology (2), theory (2), story (2), gulag (2), chirurgeons (2), teeth (2), development (2), suspect (2), publishers (2), sudan (2), student (2), isotopes (2), stewart (2), lee (2), star (2), whales (2), soviet (2), slavic (2), sheep (2), goat (2), sexuality (2), saudi (2), arabia (2), saa (2), feed (2), romanian (2), river (2), cannibalism (2), polish (2), platonov (2), vivax (2), pet (2), palaeoenvironmental (2), novel (2), north (2), non (2), techniques (2), neandertal (2), mummy (2), than (2), minima (2), campaign (2), mind (2), mikhail (2), marie (2), malaria (2), tales (2), mortality (2), linearbandkeramik (2), leiden (2), lascaux (2), fund (2), jurassic (2), williams (2), japanese (2), still (2), iran (2), francisc (2), rainer (2), europe (2), school (2), housekeeping (2), erectus (2), hartlepool (2), migration (2), period (2), genetics (2), thrones (2), collection (2), treatment (2), eric (2), newby (2), changes (2), civil (2), career (2), disabled (2), dilmun (2), digging (2), sea (2), group (2), david (2), modification (2), construction (2), competition (2), chris (2), catholic (2), sciences (2), berlin (2), ben (2), barry (2), lopez (2), animal (2), behaviour (2), greece (2), own (2), threat (2), stroud (2), edition (2), carroll (2), gardner (2), walsh (2), vitalis (2), damon (2), correlating (2), phylogenics (2), 104 (2), jurmain (2), barnes (2), urbanization (2), blackwell (2), bibliography (2), how (2), about (2), their (2), relationship (2), after (2), effects (2), when (2), helped (2), areas (2), until (2), diverged (2), rodent (2), borne (2), well (2), least (2), particular (2), thought (2), strains (2), led (2), close (2), shown (2), some (2), 400 (2), produce (2), results (2), information (2), regarding (2), previously (2), following (2), 1931 (2), 15792 (2), limits (2), emedicinehealth (2), severe (2), alastrim (2), isolates (2), phylogeny (2), entirely (2), around (2), rodents (2), derived (2), pathogen (2), both (2), source (2), each (2), itself (2), genome (2), westward (2), expansion (2), who (2), americans (2), help (2), wars (2), particularly (2), laboratory (2), whether (2), could (2), 110 (2), once (2), contracted (2), immunity (2), identify (2), clear (2), highlighted (2), even (2), pcr (2), climatic (2), phylogenetic (2), approaches (2), stages (2), jauregg (2), bacteria (2), emerge (2), probably (2), endemic (2), affected (2), large (2), section (2), home (2), table (2), 103 (2), forms (2), 207 (2), started, design, name, write, loading, collapse, bar, manage, subscriptions, view, reader, content, privacy, already, account, create, uoh, wetlands, waerc, tubingen, united, nations, interns, tutania, ramblings, title, consideration, white, rock, hugh, thomson, tear, mission, cry, subversive, paperbook, collective, ossiferous, agriculture, order, ilc, silence, chirurgeon, tomb, raider, teething, ted, talks, tyne, swinging, compass, connect, sexual, exploitation, options, femoral, strange, bogs, steff, metal, sprache, dinge, spoilheap, much, simon, dubai, shovel, bums, shimmy, brainwaves, network, savage, minds, mcclelland, revealillusions, retraction, secret, vacation, links, palaeobiology, palaeo, road, writers, pun, osteoarch, tumblr, ohyoucoconutyou, together, nourishing, scientist, knowledge, natalie, marr, morbid, pitts, savagery, mercury, vapour, medecin, max, planck, evolutionary, matt, might, mark, rowlands, philospot, loretta, kilroe, wheels, learn, lawn, chair, kate, adelade, illustration, wannabe, hack, jon, electrical, monkey, jane, buikstra, jake, surfaced, down, inter, inside, newfoundland, labrador, employing, people, disabilities, fucking, love, organisation, interactive, friendly, halle, hahleh, green, velociraraptors, grants, funds, hacker, hearth, degrees, femora, cream, fat, keyboard, restoration, evoanth, eskeleton, online, elfshot, sticks, stones, electric, puppet, riding, prog, bend, ascend, dinosaur, biscuit, hungate, dienekes, image, crazy, guy, bike, across, academics, burzum, bring, brain, pickings, etc, clones, curatorial, trainee, bill, bevan, residence, leverhulme, bbc, discrimination, bamburgh, advertisements, campaigners, archaeometry, graduate, global, justice, archaeologica, anthropologies, anthropolgie, article, anonymous, crafts, words, all, aafs, aggbach, afarensis, undertaking, roll, emails, hit, page, subscription, zygomatic, zimbabwe, what, eat, yayoi, yat, xiphoid, process, ray, ww1, wunderkammer, tech, woodcuts, wolff, law, wincobank, willow, harvey, wilfred, thesiger, wikileaks, wild, wharram, percy, wetland, kennet, avenue, wessex, werner, herzog, wea, roses, walking, wal, mart, vrije, universiteit, brussel, vomer, viruses, viking, vietnam, victorian, vehicle, unreported, madison, toronto, witwatersrand, tartu, southampton, newcastle, leeds, kent, huddersfield, glasgow, exeter, edinburgh, anglia, dundee, coimbra, chicago, cardiff, los, angeles, birmingham, belgrade, algarve, aberdeen, université, ungulates, unemployment, uncategorized, ulna, ukraine, universities, government, uclan, turkey, tudor, trowelblazers, transport, team, tim, hetherington, tibia, thoracic, theoretical, hole, onion, mary, rose, archipelago, pit, empty, quarter, thalassaemia, texas, teotihuacán, teotihuacan, temporal, teffi, tarsals, talus, tall, ship, tafheet, syria, symbol, svetlana, alexievich, sulawesi, sudanese, loans, stuart, rathbone, strontium, storegga, stoner, sterolithography, stem, stefan, zweig, status, statistics, states, carr, peter, church, spss, spitalfields, sphenoid, sperm, spanish, nobel, prize, sopa, sonoma, solzhenitsyn, sociology, smths, cups, handling, diagrams, skelly, pad, maturation, skazka, silbury, sickle, cell, show, shoulder, girdle, general, botanical, gardens, serbian, senescence, sem, hand, sci, hub, scapula, saunaktuk, arabian, satul, verde, safe, sacrum, sacrifice, saami, ruamkatanyu, shakespeare, rna, ritual, rising, expedition, rise, continents, ridge, furrows, ribs, rib, cage, researchgate, flanders, renaissance, remi, ochlik, reformation, reflections, scholar, rapa, nui, rampart, scotland, radius, radio, quotes, quinnipiac, queens, belfast, putting, flesh, publication, petitions, health, pubis, puberty, provins, professor, iain, private, preston, preparation, predatory, pre, colombian, power, structures, poulton, postmodernism, portuguese, porotic, hyperostosis, polynesian, polska, antropologia, fizyczna, plate, tectonics, plasmodium, phoebe, hearst, philosophy, philippe, ariás, phenomenology, phalanges, petra, vigils, theroux, koudounaris, bahn, patella, paris, parietal, papworth, pamela, geller, palpation, palmyra, palatine, palaeontology, palaeobotany, pacific, pacatnamu, falciparum, brookes, osteophagia, osteonecrosis, paradox, osteogenesis, imperfecta, osteobiography, osteoarthritis, ossuaries, orthopaedics, original, oral, button, ontogeny, hundred, solitude, omo, kibish, ohio, occipital, nuremberg, nubia, notre, dame, nostalgia, light, norway, moors, invasive, nile, cultures, nigerian, nhs, neoplasms, navicular, nautilus, channel, nagpra, music, desk, markers, paint, mummification, modules, lovenstein, mosi, moocs, mooc, monuments, monetisation, mola, moj, diets, moche, moai, mineral, lick, sholokhov, bulgakov, young, microliths, michigan, mexican, metatarsals, metacarpals, miscellany, mesoamerica, meso15, mercian, mental, illness, menarche, memory, coding, medial, medecins, mcdonald, maxilla, masters, marine, curie, colvin, manubrium, mandible, mancos, canyon, festival, metropolitan, magic, dom, magdalenian, luton, lumbar, lorna, tilley, lordosis, lord, nelson, bills, lloyds, bank, coprolite, moores, lithics, lithic, mulch, lepenski, vir, center, berger, latvian, lateral, langtang, lacrimal, kremlin, killer, jubilee, jomon, steinbeck, joanna, bourke, jewish, javier, marías, macaques, janine, giovanna, jaipur, iwo, eleru, ischium, relevant, iron, internet, codes, classification, centre, intermediate, intercostal, inferior, nasal, conchae, indy, indonesian, index, immersive, ilium, ifopa, idle, idiosyncratic, iaa, hyoid, hydrology, hunterian, hunter, gatherers, humerus, glossary, growth, howick, sapiens, floresiensis, hominin, hippocratic, hip, hiearchy, herxheim, lottery, heavenly, headland, bombardment, guidelines, grave, robbing, gough, glywndr, georgian, geology, galloway, forest, galen, frontal, brussels, vub, franz, schmidt, france, fragmented, fixation, forensics, reconstruction, foot, food, folk, flints, centenary, finds, processing, fiesta, las, natitas, fiction, fibula, fibrodysplasia, ossificans, progressiva, femur, farming, famous, women, family, experimental, ethnography, ethmoid, ethics, estonian, erasmus, programme, enthesophytes, entheseal, pen, encountering, corpses, exhibition, mort, emperor, eminem, egyptology, cuba, ecology, ecocide, eastern, easter, ease, eaa, dyslexia, dutch, duas, driving, samuel, hardy, buckberry, jago, cooper, dozier, reform, dohad, doggerland, dmanisi, djd, divmeanbody, diverting, journeys, dissertation, abstract, dismemberment, allowance, digventures, model, britain, differential, diagnosis, diet, dienikes, diego, gomez, diagenesis, detroit, deserted, village, desert, archaeologies, department, denisovans, deep, decomposition, deciduous, dec, dearne, valley, humani, corporis, fabrica, conference, connolly, ashley, pearson, dark, sky, dactyl, d4500, d2600, cuneiforms, cuboid, scanning, cscs, card, crowd, funded, cremation, cranfield, crainiometrics, coursera, levant, corpus, sterni, cornwall, copyright, safety, relation, occupation, colles, clearstory, clea, koff, clavicle, classical, clark, spencer, cispa, christopher, knüsel, stringer, hondros, chartered, cervical, ceramics, ceramic, implant, cees, nooteboom, causewayed, enclosures, louvain, neuve, leuven, catacombs, castleton, carpals, cancer, canadian, unit, calvin, wells, calcaneus, buried, bulletin, library, bournemouth, quiz, microstructure, worlds, vital, bob, essay, update, black, bioerosion, bioculture, bioarch, bethlem, practice, wheatley, goldacre, belgian, bee, wilson, bedouin, bear, bayesian, calibration, barton, upon, barc, bahrain, pharma, ötzi, aztec, axial, avebury, australopithecus, sediba, austerity, attitudes, atlas, axis, atari, astronomy, artificial, artefact, archjustice, archiving, architectural, archaeothanology, archaeothanatology, rap, gaming, looting, comedy, archaelogical, institution, appendicular, anthropodermic, bibliopegy, anna, ann, oakley, anglo, saxon, andrey, andreas, vesalius, mediterranean, egypt, anatomically, anasazi, anarchist, amnesty, amiens, amh, scientific, geophysical, union, amazonian, amara, altai, alice, alexey, titeranko, alexandra, ion, albert, camus, ainu, ahu, ahrc, aging, agency, adam, mickiewicz, aasdn, aaron, swartz, 404, ink, printing, 19th, decembrie, 1918, nazi, diggers, mechanostat, consequence, obligation, horizon, handy, hint, palpate, mormont, cup, spotted, postponed, bringing, quote, notes, defamation, files, grain, race, select, month, enter, notifications, manuals, hewinson, kremer, brosch, gordon, myths, misconceptions, vol, 537, 544, macmilan, limited, reviews, microbiology, mycobacterium, third, 787, 792, kilgore, trevathan, wadworth, essentials, duda, pybus, predicts, resistance, 842, 848, providing, backdrop, scientists, develop, pathways, routes, apparent, opened, whole, raft, potentials, decimated, americas, europeans, 16th, depicted, florentine, codex, unique, wiped, 1980, mysterious, 181, would, obviously, populated, urban, success, unlikely, problem, occurred, discovered, known, most, ravaged, urbanised, definitely, dated, curiously, seems, lacking, recorded, cases, originally, bovine, considered, organisms, distinguish, did, evolve, zoonosis, must, remembered, probable, necessary, condition, transference, 184, imagine, intensification, undoubtedly, cross, species, strain, appeared, 300, earliest, 185, doubting, damaged, numerous, will, discussed, entry, ycobacterial, bovi, bovis, compression, effect, chromosomes, revealed, interesting, caused, dense, urbanisation, seen, transition, surprising, articles, cited, brought, attention, his, jun, bio, jouregg, verhutung, und, behandlung, progressiven, paralyse, durch, impfmalaria, handbuch, experimentellen, therapie, erganzungsband, munchen, mitchell, 2003, epidemic, 171, 179, moreira, mello, fraga, nunes, eggers, crossroad, neglected, tropical, proceedings, cambridgeuniversity, interpreting, yang, eng, waye, saunders, deeper, 2091, 2100, accessed, http, www, page2_em, htm, 20causes, chichester, cannot, 703, 713, represented, clinically, suggests, asia, 1600, included, subclade, compromises, subclades, remarkably, lower, fatality, comparison, importance, highlights, prevalence, missed, indeed, absent, firstly, showed, thousand, dependent, calibrate, 15791, associated, terrestrial, provides, enzootic, subsequently, outwards, secondly, points, towards, clades, same, represent, severity, taterapox, ambiguous, gaps, initiated, systematic, concatenated, snp, sequences, broad, distribution, investigate, slowly, evolving, means, robust, single, nucleotide, polymorphisms, credible, descriptions, continent, sub, saharan, advent, suggesting, came, waves, decimate, existing, contact, immunization, such, worth, noting, warfare, chemical, weapon, surprisingly, forces, stationed, actively, items, clothing, given, aid, among, largely, allied, weakened, dramatically, various, estimated, nearly, half, died, alone, naturally, rapid, commutable, through, 18th, devastating, thankfully, longer, active, 180, kept, only, ongoing, concern, danger, dealing, leads, lifelong, called, documented, old, less, named, strictly, yet, signature, identifiable, individuals, therefore, correlated, map, transportation, disfiguring, hard, locate, limitations, become, experiment, paper

Text of the page (random words):
ion origin and transportation of smallpox between human populations li et al 2007 15787 state that no credible descriptions of the variola virus have been found on the american continent or sub saharan africa before the advent of westward european exploration in the 15 th century ad suggesting that with european exploration and expansion came the virulent waves of smallpox that helped to decimate the existing native american populations who previously had no contact or natural immunization with such a highly virulent disease it is worth noting here the disease has been used in warfare as a chemical weapon surprisingly early during the 18th century american colonial wars between the french british and the native americans the british forces stationed in america actively infected items of clothing that were given to the native population to help aid the spread of the disease among the native americans who at that time were largely allied to the french this weakened the native american population dramatically during the various colonial wars and subsequent colonial expansion westward it s estimated nearly half of the american native population died from smallpox alone and its naturally rapid commutable spread of smallpox through human populations hogan harchelroad 2005 li et al 2007 15787 note that there are ambiguous gaps in the evolution of smallpox disease itself however li et al 2007 initiated a systematic analysis of the concatenated single nucleotide polymorphisms snp s from the genome sequences of 47 variola major isolates from a broad geographic distribution to investigate its origins variola major has a slowly evolving dna genome which means a robust phylogeny of the disease is possible hogan harchelroad 2005 firstly the results showed that the origin of variola was likely to have diverged from an ancestral african rodent borne variola like virus either around 16 000 or 68 000 thousand years ago dependent on which historical records are used to calibrate the molecular clock east asian or african li et al 2007 15791 taterapox virus is associated with terrestrial rodents in west africa and provides a close relationship with the variola virus it is entirely possible that variola derived from an enzootic pathogen of african rodents and subsequently spread from africa outwards li et al 2007 15792 secondly evidence points towards two primary clades of the variola virus both from the same source as above but each represent a different severity and virulence of the variola virus the first primary clade is represented by the asian variola major strains which are the more clinically severe form of smallpox the molecular study of its natural clock suggests it spread from asia either 400 or 1600 years ago li et al 2007 15788 included in this first primary clade is the subclade of the african minor variation of the main asian variola major disease the second primary clade compromises two subclades of which are the south american alastrim minor and the west african isolates li et al 2007 15788 this clade had a remarkably lower fatality rate in comparison to the above clade the importance of phylogeny analysis is that it highlights areas of disease prevalence and virulence that can be missed or indeed entirely absent from the osteological and archaeological record brown brown 2011 bibliography bouwman a s brown t a 2005 the limits of biomolecular palaeopathology ancient dna cannot be used to study venereal syphilis journal of archaeological science 32 703 713 brown t brown k 2011 biomolecular archaeology an introduction chichester blackwell publishing hogan c j harchelroad f 2005 smallpox emedicinehealth accessed at http www emedicinehealth com smallpox page2_em htm smallpox 20causes on the 29 th of april 2012 hunnius t e yang d eng b waye j s saunders s r 2007 digging deeper into the limits of ancient dna research on syphilis journal of archaeological science 34 2091 2100 larsen c s 1997 bioarchaeology interpreting behaviour from the human skeleton cambridge cambridgeuniversity press li y carroll d s gardner s n walsh m c vitalis e a damon i k 2007 on the origin of smallpox correlating variola phylogenics with historical smallpox record proceedings of the national academy of science 104 40 15787 15792 lucas de melo f moreira de mello j c fraga a m nunes k eggers s 2010 syphilis at the crossroad of phylogenetics and palaeopathology plos neglected tropical diseases 4 1 1 11 mitchell p 2003 the archaeological study of epidemic and infectious disease world archaeology 35 2 171 179 roberts c manchester k 2010 the archaeology of disease stroud the history press wagner jouregg j 1931 verhutung und behandlung der progressiven paralyse durch impfmalaria handbuch der experimentellen therapie erganzungsband munchen waldron t 2009 palaeopathology cambridge cambridge university press tags bio molecular archaeology infectious disease palaeopathology comments 3 comments categories adna bioarchaeology biology disease infectious disease molecular archaeology palaeopathology phylogenetics smallpox syphilis treponemal disease the origins of tuberculosis smallpox 3 jun the following articles cited were brought to my attention by the good work of confusedious a science blog and his entries on tb and its possible origin surprising origins of tuberculosis smallpox recent genetic investigations into the origin of the above diseases of the chromosomes in tb and the study of smallpox s biological clock has revealed interesting information regarding their origin tb and smallpox were previously thought caused or at least had its early origins during the domestication of animals and by the dense urbanisation of human populations first seen during the mesolithic to neolithic transition tuberculosis barnes et al 2011 larsen 1997 roberts manchester 2010 smith et al 2009 smallpox li et al 2007 waldron 2009 compression of vertebrae as an effect of tb tuberculosis was originally thought to be spread from bovine at the period of domestication with the strains m tuberculosis and m bovis to be considered the main organisms for tb infection in humans new genetic research has led to distinguish that m tuberculosis did not evolve from m bovi s at the time of domestication of animals as a direct zoonosis however it must be remembered that it is probable that a necessary condition for its transference from animal to human is the close association between the two roberts manchester 2010 184 smith et al 2009 i d imagine the intensification of the neolithic domestication undoubtedly led to higher rates of cross species infection research has also shown that the m ycobacterial tuberculosis strain appeared some 15 300 20 400 years ago well before the domestication of the earliest animals roberts manchester 2010 185 however there is no doubting the record that during the neolithic and up to the present day that tb has damaged numerous lives the effects of tb on the human body can produce results found in osteological remains waldron 2009 this will be discussed in a later blog entry on diseases found in human bones the threat of smallpox a unique infectious disease to humans was wiped out in ad 1980 but its origins are mysterious as roberts manchester 2010 181 note smallpox variola major or minor would obviously need highly populated urban areas for its success and it is unlikely it was a problem until urbanization occurred recent genetic investigations into the origin of the variola major minor have discovered that it likely diverged from an ancestral african rodent borne variola like virus either 68 000 to 16 000 bp li et al 2007 however it is well known that in its most virulent form in humans as smallpox it has ravaged human urbanised populations for at least 2000 years and is definitely dated to 10 000 bp curiously from documentary data and archaeological data it seems there is a particular lacking of recorded smallpox cases in ancient greece and ancient rome roberts manchester 2010 the effects of smallpox decimated the americas when the europeans helped spread the disease in the 16th century as depicted in this the florentine codex new genetic data is providing the backdrop for how infectious diseases spread and more about their origin it is also helping scientists develop past population pathways for infection routes and rates jurmain et al 2011 it is apparent that new genetic data has opened up a whole raft of new research potentials into the origins and evolution of tuberculosis and the relationship before during and after the domestication of animals bibliography barnes i duda a pybus o g thomas m g 2011 ancient urbanization predicts genetic resistance to tuberculosis in evolution 65 3 842 848 blackwell publishing london jurmain r kilgore l trevathan w 2011 essentials of physical anthropology international edition london wadworth li y carroll d s gardner s n walsh m c vitalis e a damon i k 2007 on the origin of smallpox correlating variola phylogenics with historical smallpox record in pnas 104 40 october 2 nd 15 787 15 792 national academy of sciences wisconsin roberts c manchester k 2010 the archaeology of disease third edition the history press stroud smith n h hewinson r g kremer k brosch r gordon s v 2009 myths and misconceptions the origin and evolution of mycobacterium tuberculosis in nature reviews microbiology vol 7 537 544 macmilan publishers limited london waldron t 2009 palaeopathology cambridge manuals in archaeology cambridge cambridge university press tags smallpox tb comments 1 comment categories archaeology confusedious blog disease genetics human osteology medical anthropology mesolithic pnas smallpox tb follow enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email email address follow join 987 other subscribers blog stats 2 366 018 hits blog archive blog archive select month august 2024 1 may 2021 2 may 2020 1 march 2020 1 october 2019 1 september 2019 1 april 2019 1 march 2019 2 february 2019 1 november 2018 1 october 2018 1 august 2018 1 july 2018 1 march 2018 1 february 2018 1 january 2018 1 december 2017 1 november 2017 1 october 2017 2 september 2017 1 august 2017 1 july 2017 1 june 2017 1 february 2017 3 january 2017 2 december 2016 2 november 2016 1 october 2016 3 september 2016 2 august 2016 3 july 2016 1 june 2016 2 may 2016 1 april 2016 2 march 2016 2 february 2016 2 january 2016 1 december 2015 2 november 2015 1 september 2015 1 july 2015 5 june 2015 4 may 2015 5 april 2015 1 march 2015 1 february 2015 1 january 2015 4 december 2014 4 november 2014 3 october 2014 9 september 2014 7 august 2014 6 july 2014 4 june 2014 3 may 2014 4 april 2014 4 march 2014 8 february 2014 6 january 2014 9 december 2013 10 november 2013 6 october 2013 4 september 2013 8 august 2013 3 july 2013 3 june 2013 5 may 2013 2 april 2013 4 march 2013 3 january 2013 5 december 2012 7 november 2012 2 october 2012 4 september 2012 3 august 2012 3 july 2012 3 june 2012 1 may 2012 2 april 2012 5 march 2012 3 february 2012 4 january 2012 5 december 2011 1 november 2011 2 october 2011 3 september 2011 5 august 2011 1 july 2011 4 june 2011 7 may 2011 5 april 2011 8 march 2011 9 february 2011 3 recent posts these bones of mine prehistoric defamation files the last grain race by eric newby archaeology at the university of sheffield under threat housekeeping notes blog address bringing augustus to life a john williams quote spotted introduction to forensic anthropology human osteology short course university of lincoln 27 31 july 2020 postponed to 2021 game of thrones osteology a mormont skull cup handy field hint palpate your own skeleton consequence and obligation barry lopez s horizon 2019 categories mechanostat nazi war diggers 1 decembrie 1918 university 19th century archaeology 2013 blog review 2014 blog review 2016 blog review 3d printing 404 ink a bone to pick a field in england aaron swartz aasdn academia academic freedom academic publishing adam mickiewicz university adna africa african archaeology age age morphology agency aging ahrc ahu ainu al jazeera albert camus alexandra ion alexey titeranko alice roberts altai neandertal amara west amateur archaeologist amazonian archaeology america american academia american anthropological association american civil rights american geophysical union american journal of archaeology american journal of human biology american scientific amh amiens amnesty international anarchist archaeology anasazi anatomical terms anatomically modern humans anatomy anatomy terminology ancient egypt ancient greece ancient lives ancient mediterranean archaeology ancient rome andreas vesalius andrey platonov anglo saxon archaeology animal behaviour ann oakley anna s bones anthropodermic bibliopegy anthropologie de terrain anthropology anti slavery antiquity appendicular skeleton arabia archaelogical institution of america archaeological archives archaeological blogging archaeological collections archaeological comedy archaeological conferences archaeological legislation archaeological looting archaeology archaeology abroad archaeology as a career archaeology blogging carnival archaeology day 2014 archaeology gaming archaeology publishing archaeology rap archaeothanatology archaeothanology architectural archaeology archiving archjustice arctic arctic archaeology art art history artefact artificial cranial modification astronomy atari atlas axis vertebrae attitudes to death augustus augustus a novel austerity australian bioarchaeology australian history australian national university australopithecus sediba avaaz avebury axial skeleton aztec ötzi babao bad pharma bahrain archaeology bajr bajr campaign barc barry lopez barton upon humber bayesian calibration bear trauma bedouin bee wilson belgian archaeology ben goldacre ben wheatley berlin berlin museum island best practice blogging bethlem museum of the mind bioarch of care bioarchaeology bioarchaeology of care bioculture bioerosion biological anthropology biology biomechanics biomolecular archaeology black sea blog interview blog stats blog update blogging blogging bioarchaeology blogging carnival blogs bob chapple 2014 archaeology essay competition bodies and academia body worlds vital bone basics bone broke bone disease bone microstructure bone quiz bone variation bones don t lie book review books bournemouth university british academia british academy british archaeology british library british museum british neolithic brown university bulletin for the society for archaeological sciences burial burial environment buried arch game calcaneus calvin wells cambridge archaeology unit canadian archaeology cancer cannibalism cara carpals castleton catacombs catholic university leuven catholic university of louvain la neuve causewayed enclosures cave art cees nooteboom cemetery cemetery history central american archaeology central european archaeology ceramic implant ceramics cervical vertebrae charnel material chartered institute of archaeologists chirurg...