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description= The network layer is layer 3 in the OSI model, and it makes the Internet possible by connecting different networks. It is also called the Internet layer. ;

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Text of the page (random words):
y all devices in the network are connected to a central hub for instance a router a network can also include subnetworks or smaller subdivisions of the network subnetworking is how very large networks such as those provided by isps are able to manage thousands of ip addresses and connected devices think of the internet as a network of networks computers are connected to each other within networks and these networks connect to other networks this enables these computers to connect with other computers both near and far what happens at the network layer anything that has to do with inter network connections takes place at the network layer this includes setting up the routes for data packets to take checking to see if a server in another network is up and running and addressing and receiving ip packets from other networks this last process is perhaps the most important as the vast majority of internet traffic is sent over ip what is a packet all data sent over the internet is broken down into smaller chunks called packets when bob sends alice a message for instance his message is broken down into smaller pieces and then reassembled on alice s computer a packet has two parts the header which contains information about the packet itself and the body which is the actual data being sent at the network layer networking software attaches a header to each packet when the packet is sent out over the internet and on the other end networking software can use the header to understand how to handle the packet a header contains information about the content source and destination of each packet somewhat like stamping an envelope with a destination and return address for example an ip header contains the destination ip address of each packet the total size of the packet an indication of whether or not the packet has been fragmented broken up into still smaller pieces in transit and a count of how many networks the packet has traveled through what is the osi model the open systems interconnection osi model is a description of how the internet works it breaks down the functions involved in sending data over the internet into seven layers each layer has some function that prepares the data to be sent over wires cables and radio waves as a series of bits the seven layers of the osi model are application layer data generated by and usable by software applications the main protocol used at this layer is http presentation layer data is translated into a form the application can accept some authorities consider https encryption and decryption to take place at this layer session layer controls connections between computers this can also be handled at layer 4 by the tcp protocol transport layer provides the means for transmitting data between the two connected parties as well as controlling the quality of service the main protocols used here are tcp and udp network layer handles the routing and sending of data between different networks the most important protocols at this layer are ip and icmp data link layer handles communications between devices on the same network if layer 3 is like the address on a piece of mail then layer 2 is like indicating the office number or apartment number at that address ethernet is the protocol most used here physical layer packets are converted into electrical radio or optical pulses and transmitted as bits the smallest possible units of information over wires radio waves or cables it is important to keep in mind that the osi model is an abstract conceptualization of the processes that make the internet work and interpreting and applying the model to the real world internet is sometimes a subjective exercise the osi model is useful for helping people talk about networking equipment and protocols determining which protocols are used by which software and hardware and showing roughly how the internet works but it is not a rigid step by step definition of how internet connections always function osi model vs tcp ip model the tcp ip model is an alternative model of how the internet works it divides the processes involved into four layers instead of seven some would argue that the tcp ip model better reflects the way the internet functions today but the osi model is still widely referenced for understanding the internet and both models have their strengths and weaknesses in the tcp ip model the four layers are application layer this corresponds approximately to layer 7 in the osi model transport layer corresponds to layer 4 in the osi model internet layer corresponds to layer 3 in the osi model network access layer combines the processes of layers 1 and 2 in the osi model but where are osi layers 5 and 6 in the tcp ip model some sources hold that the processes at osi layers 5 and 6 either are no longer necessary in the modern internet or actually belong to layers 7 and 4 represented by layers 4 and 3 in the tcp ip model for instance since the tcp protocol opens and maintains sessions at osi layer 4 one could consider osi layer 5 the session layer to be unnecessary and it is not represented in the tcp ip model additionally https encryption and decryption can be considered an application layer osi layer 7 or tcp ip layer 4 process instead of a presentation layer osi layer 6 process what is the difference between the network layer and the internet layer in the tcp ip model there is no network layer the osi model network layer roughly corresponds to the tcp ip model internet layer in the osi model the network layer is layer 3 in the tcp ip model the internet layer is layer 2 in other words the network layer and the internet layer are basically the same thing but they come from different models of how the internet works what protocols are used at the network layer a protocol is an agreed upon way of formatting data so that two or more devices are able to communicate with and understand each other a number of different protocols make connections testing routing and encryption possible at the network layer including ip ipsec icmp igmp gre how does cloudflare protect the network layer because they are exposed to the rest of the internet network layer infrastructure is vulnerable to external attacks especially distributed denial of service ddos attacks routers switches and other network interfaces can all be overwhelmed or compromised by malicious network traffic and almost any of the above network protocols can be used in an attack cloudflare magic transit protects networking infrastructure using the same technology that keeps more than 25 000 000 web properties up and running in the face of vulnerability exploits and ddos attacks it extends the protection of cloudflare to on premise and data center networks keeping organizations secure from network layer attacks how internet works routing internet protocol ip networking basics what is a router network switch what is a packet what is a protocol local area network lan wide area network wan metropolitan area network man campus area network can personal area network pan autonomous system as what is tunneling what is a port control plane glossary subnet gre tunneling what is mss what is mtu what is sdn what is mtr what is ipsec ipsec vs ssl vpns what is igmp igmp snooping what is mpls network as a service naas network security network layer learning objectives after reading this article you will be able to define network layer understand what processes occur at the network layer contrast the osi model network layer with the tcp ip model internet layer related content what is mss local area network lan how internet works subnet internet protocol ip what is the network layer network to network connections are what make the internet possible the network layer is the part of the internet communications process where these connections occur by sending packets of data back and forth between different networks in the 7 layer osi model see below the network layer is layer 3 the internet protocol ip is one of the main protocols used at this layer along with several other protocols for routing testing and encryption suppose bob and alice are connected to the same local area network lan and bob wants to send alice a message because bob is on the same network as alice he could send it directly to her computer across the network however if alice is instead on a different lan several miles away bob s message will have to be addressed and sent to alice s network before it can reach her computer which is a network layer process what is a network a network is a group of two or more connected computing devices usually all devices in the network are connected to a central hub for instance a router a network can also include subnetworks or smaller subdivisions of the network subnetworking is how very large networks such as those provided by isps are able to manage thousands of ip addresses and connected devices think of the internet as a network of networks computers are connected to each other within networks and these networks connect to other networks this enables these computers to connect with other computers both near and far what happens at the network layer anything that has to do with inter network connections takes place at the network layer this includes setting up the routes for data packets to take checking to see if a server in another network is up and running and addressing and receiving ip packets from other networks this last process is perhaps the most important as the vast majority of internet traffic is sent over ip what is a packet all data sent over the internet is broken down into smaller chunks called packets when bob sends alice a message for instance his message is broken down into smaller pieces and then reassembled on alice s computer a packet has two parts the header which contains information about the packet itself and the body which is the actual data being sent at the network layer networking software attaches a header to each packet when the packet is sent out over the internet and on the other end networking software can use the header to understand how to handle the packet a header contains information about the content source and destination of each packet somewhat like stamping an envelope with a destination and return address for example an ip header contains the destination ip address of each packet the total size of the packet an indication of whether or not the packet has been fragmented broken up into still smaller pieces in transit and a count of how many networks the packet has traveled through what is the osi model the open systems interconnection osi model is a description of how the internet works it breaks down the functions involved in sending data over the internet into seven layers each layer has some function that prepares the data to be sent over wires cables and radio waves as a series of bits the seven layers of the osi model are application layer data generated by and usable by software applications the main protocol used at this layer is http presentation layer data is translated into a form the application can accept some authorities consider https encryption and decryption to take place at this layer session layer controls connections between computers this can also be handled at layer 4 by the tcp protocol transport layer provides the means for transmitting data between the two connected parties as well as controlling the quality of service the main protocols used here are tcp and udp network layer handles the routing and sending of data between different networks the most important protocols at this layer are ip and icmp data link layer handles communications between devices on the same network if layer 3 is like the address on a piece of mail then layer 2 is like indicating the office number or apartment number at that address ethernet is the protocol most used here physical layer packets are converted into electrical radio or optical pulses and transmitted as bits the smallest possible units of information over wires radio waves or cables it is important to keep in mind that the osi model is an abstract conceptualization of the processes that make the internet work and interpreting and applying the model to the real world internet is sometimes a subjective exercise the osi model is useful for helping people talk about networking equipment and protocols determining which protocols are used by which software and hardware and showing roughly how the internet works but it is not a rigid step by step definition of how internet connections always function osi model vs tcp ip model the tcp ip model is an alternative model of how the internet works it divides the processes involved into four layers instead of seven some would argue that the tcp ip model better reflects the way the internet functions today but the osi model is still widely referenced for understanding the internet and both models have their strengths and weaknesses in the tcp ip model the four layers are application layer this corresponds approximately to layer 7 in the osi model transport layer corresponds to layer 4 in the osi model internet layer corresponds to layer 3 in the osi model network access layer combines the processes of layers 1 and 2 in the osi model but where are osi layers 5 and 6 in the tcp ip model some sources hold that the processes at osi layers 5 and 6 either are no longer necessary in the modern internet or actually belong to layers 7 and 4 represented by layers 4 and 3 in the tcp ip model for instance since the tcp protocol opens and maintains sessions at osi layer 4 one could consider osi layer 5 the session layer to be unnecessary and it is not represented in the tcp ip model additionally https encryption and decryption can be considered an application layer osi layer 7 or tcp ip layer 4 process instead of a presentation layer osi layer 6 process what is the difference between the network layer and the internet layer in the tcp ip model there is no network layer the osi model network layer roughly corresponds to the tcp ip model internet layer in the osi model the network layer is layer 3 in the tcp ip model the internet layer is layer 2 in other words the network layer and the internet layer are basically the same thing but they come from different models of how the internet works what protocols are used at the network layer a protocol is an agreed upon way of formatting data so that two or more devices are able to communicate with and understand each other a number of different protocols make connections testing routing and encryption possible at the network layer including ip ipsec icmp igmp gre how does cloudflare protect the network layer because they are exposed to the rest of the internet network layer infrastructure is vulnerable to external attacks especially distributed denial of service ddos attacks routers switches and other network interfaces can all be overwhelmed or compromised by malicious network traffic and almost any of th...