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o carried out which either changed the smaller administrative units or merged split various subdivisions immediately after its creation in 1815 the kingdom of poland was divided into departments a relic from the times of the french dominated duchy of warsaw on 16 january 1816 the administrative division was reformed with the departments being replaced with more traditionally polish voivodeships of which there were eight obwóds and powiats on 7 march 1837 in the aftermath of the november uprising earlier that decade the administrative division was reformed again bringing congress poland closer to the structure of the russian empire with the introduction of guberniyas governorate polish spelling gubernia in 1842 the powiats were renamed okręgs and the obwóds were renamed powiats in 1844 several governorates were merged with others and some others were renamed five governorates remained in 1867 following the failure of the january uprising further reforms were instituted which were designed to bring the administrative structure of poland now de facto the vistulan country closer to that of the russian empire it divided larger governorates into smaller ones introduced the gmina a new lower level entity and restructured the existing five governorates into 10 the 1912 reform created a new governorate kholm governorate from parts of the sedlets and lublin governorates it was split off from the vistulan country and made part of the southwestern krai of the russian empire 20 economy edit an advertisement of cameras made by a polish company fos 1905 cameras objectives and stereoscopes were exclusively made in congress poland an early photograph of manufaktura in łódź the city was considered to be one of the largest textile industry centres in europe and was nicknamed polish manchester despite the fact that the economic situation varied at times congress poland was one of the largest economies in the world 21 in the mid 1800s the region became heavily industrialized 22 however agriculture still maintained a major role in the economy 23 in addition the export of wheat rye and other crops was significant in stabilizing the financial output 23 an important trade partner of congress poland was great britain which imported goods in large amounts since agriculture was equivalent to 70 of the national income the most important economic transformations included the establishment of mines and the textile industry the development of these sectors brought more profit and higher tax revenues the beginnings were difficult due to floods and an intense diplomatic relationship with prussia it was not until 1822 when prince francis xavier drucki lubecki negotiated to open the polish market to the world 24 he also tried to introduce appropriate protective duties a large and profitable investment was the construction of the augustów canal connecting narew and neman rivers which allowed to bypass danzig gdańsk and high prussian tariffs 25 drucki lubecki also founded the bank of poland for which he is mostly remembered 24 the first polish steam mill was built in 1828 in warsaw solec the first textile machine was installed in 1829 22 greater use of machines led to production in the form of workshops the government was also encouraging foreign specialists mostly germans to upkeep larger establishments or to undertake production 22 the germans were also relieved of the tax burden 26 this allowed to create one of the largest european textile centres in łódź and in surrounding towns like ozorków and zduńska wola 27 these small and initially insignificant settlements later developed into large and multicultural cities where germans and jews were the majority in the population with the abolition of border customs in 1851 and further economic growth polish cities were gaining wealth and importance most notably warsaw being associated with the construction of railway lines and bridges gained priority in the entire russian market although the economic and industrial progress occurred rapidly most of the farms called folwarks chose to rely on serfs and paid workforce only a few have experimented by obtaining proper machinery and plowing equipment from england 22 new crops were being cultivated like sugar beet which marked the beginning of polish sugar refineries the use of iron cutters and plows was also favoured among the farmers during the january uprising the occupying authorities sought to deprive peasant insurgents of their popularity among landed gentry 22 taxes were raised and the overall economic situation of commoners worsened the noblemen and landowners were on the other hand provided with more privileges rights and even financial support in the form of bribery the aim of this was to weaken their support for the rebellion against the russian empire congress poland was the largest supplier of zinc in europe the development of the zinc industry took place at the beginning of the 19th century it was mostly caused by the significant increase of demand for zinc mainly in industrialized countries of western europe 28 in 1899 aleksander ginsberg founded the company fos fabryka przyrządów optycznych factory of optical equipment in warsaw it was the only firm in the russian empire which crafted and produced cameras telescopes objectives and stereoscopes following the outbreak of world war i the factory was moved to st petersburg demographics edit population by year year pop 1814 2 815 000 1820 3 520 355 1825 3 911 000 1830 3 998 000 1835 4 188 112 1840 4 488 009 1845 4 798 658 1850 4 810 735 1855 4 673 869 1860 4 840 466 1865 5 336 210 1870 6 078 564 1875 6 515 153 1880 7 104 864 1885 7 687 893 1890 8 256 562 1897 9 402 253 1904 11 588 585 1909 11 935 318 1913 13 058 000 source golab 1977 29 demographic composition in 1897 by language 30 polish 71 8 6 755 503 jewish 13 5 1 267 194 german 4 3 407 274 ukrainian 3 6 335 337 lithuanian 3 2 305 322 russian 2 8 267 160 belarusian 0 3 29 347 see also edit geographical dictionary of the kingdom of poland grand duchy of finland 1809 1917 grand duchy of posen great retreat the withdrawal of russian forces from poland in 1915 history of poland 1795 1918 pale of settlement explanatory notes edit a sources agree that after the fall of the january uprising in 1864 the autonomy of congress poland was drastically reduced they disagree however on whether the kingdom of poland colloquially known as congress poland as a state was officially replaced by vistula land privislinsky krai a province of the russian empire as many sources still use the term congress poland for the post 1864 period the sources are also unclear as to when congress poland or vistula land officially ended some argue that it ended when the german and austro hungarian occupying authorities assumed control of the area during world war i others that it ended with the creation of the kingdom of poland in 1917 finally some argue that it ended only with the creation of the independent republic of poland in 1918 examples ludność polski w xx wieku the population of poland in the 20th century andrzej gawryszewski warszawa polska akademia nauk instytut geografii i przestrzennego zagospodorowania im stanisława leszczyckiego 2005 monografie 5 p 539 3 in polish mimo wprowadzenia oficjalnej nazwy kraj przywiślański terminy królestwo polskie królestwo kongresowe lub w skrócie kongresówka były nadal używane zarówno w języku potocznym jak i w niektórych publikacjach despite the official name kraj przywiślański terms such as kingdom of poland congress poland or in short kongresówka were still in use both in everyday language and in some publications powstanie styczniowe encyklopedia interia in polish po upadku powstania zlikwidowano ostatnie elementy autonomii królestwa pol łącznie z nazwą przekształcając je w kraj przywiślański after the fall of the uprising last elements of autonomy of the kingdom of poland including the name were abolished transforming it into the vistula land królestwo polskie wiem encyklopedia in polish królestwo polskie po powstaniu styczniowym nazwę królestwa polskiego zastąpiła w urzędowej terminologii nazwa kraj przywiślański jednakże w artykule jest także po rewolucji 1905 1907 w królestwie polskim i w latach 1914 1916 królestwo polskie stało się kingdom of poland after the january uprising the name kingdom of poland was replaced in official documents by the name of vistula land however the same article also states after the revolution 1905 1907 in the kingdom of poland and in the years 1914 1916 the kingdom of poland became królestwo polskie królestwo kongresowe encyklopedia pwn in polish 1915 18 pod okupacją niem i austro węgierską k p przestało istnieć po powstaniu ii rp xi 1918 congress poland was under german and austro hungarian occupation from 1915 to 1918 it was finally abolished after the creation of the second polish republic in november 1918 citations edit a b tomasz kamusella 2009 the politics of language and nationalism in modern central europe palgrave macmillan p 137 isbn 978 0 230 58347 4 the social and political history of the polish language in the long 19th century kamusella 24 january 2017 retrieved 1 november 2018 polish królestwo kongresowe kruˈlʲɛstfɔ kɔnɡrɛˈsɔvɛ russian конгрессовая польша tr kongressovaya pol sha britannica the editors of encyclopaedia 8 january 2010 congress kingdom of poland encyclopedia britannica retrieved 18 january 2022 cite encyclopedia last has generic name help cs1 maint date and year link polish królestwo polskie kruˈlɛstfɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ or carstwo polskie tsardom of poland russian царство польское tr tsarstvo pol skoye ipa ˈtsarstvə ˈpolʲskəje a b nicolson harold george 2001 the congress of vienna a study in allied unity 1812 1822 new york grove press p 171 isbn 0 8021 3744 x a b palmer alan warwick 1997 twilight of the habsburgs the life and times of emperor francis joseph boston atlantic monthly press p 7 isbn 0 87113 665 1 a b c d e f agnieszka barbara nance nation without a state imagining poland in the nineteenth century dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy the university of texas at austin pp 169 88 poland partitioned poland encyclopedia britannica retrieved 5 april 2019 w caban the nineteenth century ideas of polish roads to independence yearbook of the institute of east central europe 2018 vol 16 no 2 pp 105 127 henderson wo 1964 castlereagh et l europe w le congrès de vienne et l europe paris bruxelles p 60 a b miłosz czesław 1983 the history of polish literature berkeley university of california press p 196 isbn 0 520 04477 0 retrieved 2008 04 10 a b c nicolson harold george 2001 the congress of vienna a study in allied unity 1812 1822 new york grove press pp 179 180 isbn 0 8021 3744 x retrieved 2008 04 10 kingdom of poland in russian the brockhaus and efron encyclopedia 1890 1906 archived from the original on 2006 09 02 retrieved 2006 07 27 a b c d ludwikowski rett r 1996 constitution making in the region of former soviet dominance durham n c duke university press pp 12 13 isbn 0 8223 1802 4 a b królestwa polskiego in polish encyklopedia pwn archived from the original on 2006 10 01 retrieved 2006 01 19 janowski maciej przekop danuta 2004 polish liberal thought before 1918 budapest central european university press p 74 isbn 963 9241 18 0 retrieved 2008 04 10 hugo stumm russia s advance eastward 1874 p 140 note 1 google print 1 thomas mitchell handbook for travellers in russia poland and finland 1888 p 460 google print 2 norman davies god s playground a history of poland columbia university press 2005 isbn 0 231 12819 3 print p 278 home maddison retrieved 29 april 2017 a b c d e życie gospodarcze królestwa polskiego w latach 1815 1830 retrieved 29 april 2017 a b gospodarka w królestwie polskim od roku 1815 do początku xix wieku retrieved 29 april 2017 a b polityka gospodarcza druckilubecki pl retrieved 29 april 2017 the augustów canal retrieved 29 april 2017 wyborcza pl retrieved 29 april 2017 łódź retrieved 29 april 2017 rafał kowalczyk development of zinc industry in the kingdom of poland 1815 1904 pdf aul uni lodz pl retrieved 11 november 2017 golab caroline 1977 immigrant destinations temple university press p 91 isbn 978 0877221098 russian empire census of 1897 demoscope ru in russian retrieved 30 september 2019 further reading edit davies norman god s playground a history of poland vol 2 1795 to the present oxford university press 1982 pp 306 33 getka kenig mikolaj the genesis of the aristocracy in congress poland acta poloniae historica 2009 issue 100 pp 79 112 issn 0001 6829 covers the transition from feudalism to capitalism the adjustment of the aristocracy s power and privilege from a legal basis to one of only social significance the political changes instigated by the jurisdictional partitions and reorganizations of the state leslie r f 1956 polish politics and the revolution of november 1830 greenwood press isbn 9780837124162 leslie r f politics and economics in congress poland past and present 1955 8 1 pp 43 63 jstor 649777 mykhed oksana 2014 not by force alone public health and the establishment of russian rule in the russo polish borderland 1762 85 borderlands in world history 1700 1914 palgrave macmillan uk pp 123 142 isbn 978 1 137 32058 2 zamoyski adam poland a history new york hippocrene books 2012 external links edit media related to congress poland at wikimedia commons v t e administrative divisions of the kingdom of poland congress poland 1816 1837 voivodeships augustów kalisz kraków lublin masovian płock podlaskie sandomierz 1837 1844 governorates augustów kalisz kraków lublin masovian płock podlasie sandomierz 1844 1867 governorates augustów lublin płock radom warsaw 1867 1914 governorates kalisz kielce lublin łomża piotrków płock radom siedlce suwałki warsaw authority control general viaf 1 worldcat national libraries germany retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title congress_poland oldid 1091410454 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