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executable wikipedia 116 captures 28 jun 2004 28 jan 2026 sep oct nov 05 2021 2022 2023 success fail about this capture timestamps the wayback machine http web archive org web 20221005040749 https en wikipedia org wiki executable_file executable from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from executable file jump to navigation jump to search a file that causes a computer to follow indicated instructions this article is about a general type of computer file for the specific file type used in some operating systems see exe program execution general concepts code translation compiler compile time optimizing compiler intermediate representation ir execution runtime system runtime executable interpreter virtual machine types of code source code object code bytecode machine code microcode compilation strategies just in time jit tracing just in time ahead of time aot transcompilation recompilation notable runtimes android runtime art common language runtime clr and mono crt0 java virtual machine jvm objective c and swift v8 and node js cpython and pypy zend engine php luajit lua beam erlang and elixir notable compilers toolchains gnu compiler collection gcc llvm and clang v t e a hex dump of an executable real mode loader in computing executable code an executable file or an executable program sometimes simply referred to as an executable or binary causes a computer to perform indicated tasks according to encoded instructions 1 as opposed to a data file that must be interpreted parsed by a program to be meaningful the exact interpretation depends upon the use instructions is traditionally taken to mean machine code instructions for a physical cpu 2 in some contexts a file containing scripting instructions such as bytecode may also be considered executable contents 1 generation of executable files 2 execution 3 see also 4 references 5 external links generation of executable files edit see also object file executable files can be hand coded in machine language although it is far more convenient to develop software as source code in a high level language that can be easily understood by humans in some cases source code might be specified in assembly language instead which remains human readable while being closely associated with machine code instructions the high level language is compiled into either an executable machine code file or a non executable machine code object file of some sort the equivalent process on assembly language source code is called assembly several object files are linked to create the executable object files executable or not are typically stored in a container format such as executable and linkable format elf or portable executable pe which is operating system specific 3 this gives structure to the generated machine code for example dividing it into sections such as text executable code data initialized global and static variables and rodata read only data such as constants and strings executable files typically also include a runtime system which implements runtime language features such as task scheduling exception handling calling static constructors and destructors etc and interactions with the operating system notably passing arguments environment and returning an exit status together with other startup and shutdown features such as releasing resources like file handles for c this is done by linking in the crt0 object which contains the actual entry point and does setup and shutdown by calling the runtime library 4 executable files thus normally contain significant additional machine code beyond that directly generated from the specific source code in some cases it is desirable to omit this for example for embedded systems development or simply to understand how compilation linking and loading work in c this can be done by omitting the usual runtime and instead explicitly specifying a linker script which generates the entry point and handles startup and shutdown such as calling main to start and returning exit status to the kernel at the end 5 execution edit in order to be executed by the system such as an operating system firmware or boot loader an executable file must conform to the system s application binary interface abi 6 in simple interfaces a file is executed by loading it into memory and jumping to the start of the address space and executing from there in more complicated interfaces executable files have additional metadata specifying a separate entry point for example in elf the entry point is specified in the header s e_entry field which specifies the virtual memory address at which to start execution in the gcc gnu compiler collection this field is set by the linker based on the _start symbol see also edit comparison of executable file formats executable compression executable text references edit executable merriam webster s online dictionary merriam webster retrieved 2008 07 19 machine instructions geeksforgeeks 2015 11 03 retrieved 2019 09 18 chapter 4 object files refspecs linuxbase org retrieved 2019 09 18 fisher tim list of executable file extensions lifewire com retrieved 2019 09 18 mckellar jessica 2010 03 16 hello from a libc free world part 1 boelen michael 2019 05 15 the 101 of elf files on linux understanding and analysis linux linux audit retrieved 2019 09 18 external links edit exe file format at what is v t e executable and object file formats a out aif coff cmd com ecoff elf goff hunk mach o mz ne omf os 360 pe pef x xcoff comparison of formats exe retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title executable oldid 1077902975 categories computer file systems programming language implementation hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use dmy dates from december 2021 use list defined references from december 2021 navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk english views read edit view history more search navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file tools what links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page information cite this page wikidata item print export download as pdf printable version languages العربية български bosanski català čeština deutsch ελληνικά español esperanto فارسی français 한국어 hrvatski italiano עברית қазақша монгол nederlands 日本語 norsk bokmål polski português română русский simple english slovenčina slovenščina српски srpski suomi svenska ไทย türkçe українська tiếng việt 粵語 中文 edit links this page was last edited on 18 march 2022 at 20 38 utc text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike license 3 0 additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy 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