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ted with sd memory cards and sd host and ancillary products 2 the companies also formed the sd association sda a non profit organization in january 2000 to promote and create sd card standards 3 sda today has about 1 000 member companies the sda uses several trademarked logos owned and licensed by sd 3c to enforce compliance with its specifications and assure users of compatibility 4 contents 1 history 1 1 1999 2003 creation 1 2 2003 mini cards 1 3 2004 2005 micro cards 1 4 2006 2008 sdhc and sdio 1 5 2009 2022 sdxc 1 6 2019 present sduc 2 capacity 2 1 sd sdsc 2 2 sdhc 2 3 sdxc 2 4 sduc 2 4 1 exfat filesystem 2 5 comparison 3 speed 3 1 bus 3 1 1 default speed 3 1 2 high speed 3 1 3 ultra high speed uhs 3 1 3 1 uhs i 3 1 3 2 uhs ii 3 1 3 3 uhs iii 3 1 4 sd express 3 1 4 1 microsd express 3 1 5 bus speed comparison 3 1 6 compatibility 3 2 class 3 2 1 original speed class 3 2 2 uhs speed class 3 2 3 video speed class 3 2 4 comparison 3 2 5 application performance class 3 2 6 rating 3 3 real world performance 4 features 4 1 card security 4 1 1 commands to disable writes 4 1 2 write protect notch 4 1 3 card password 4 2 smartsd cards 4 3 vendor enhancements 4 4 sdio cards 4 5 compatibility 5 markets 5 1 mobile phones 5 2 counterfeits 5 3 digital cameras 5 4 personal computers 5 5 embedded systems 5 6 music distribution 6 technical details 6 1 physical size 6 1 1 standard 6 1 2 minisd 6 1 3 microsd 6 2 transfer modes 6 3 interface 6 3 1 command interface 6 3 2 electrical interface 6 3 3 achieving higher card speeds 6 4 file system 6 4 1 mbr and fat 6 4 2 other file systems 6 4 3 risks of reformatting 6 5 power consumption 7 storage capacity and compatibilities 7 1 sdsc cards above 1 gb 7 2 storage capacity calculations 7 2 1 version 1 7 2 2 versions 2 and 3 8 openness of specification 9 comparison to other flash memory formats 10 data recovery 11 see also 12 references 13 external links history edit 1999 2003 creation edit in 1999 sandisk panasonic matsushita and toshiba agreed to develop and market the secure digital sd memory card 5 the card was derived from the multimediacard mmc and provided digital rights management based on the secure digital music initiative sdmi standard and for the time a high memory density it was designed to compete with the memory stick a drm product that sony had released the year before developers predicted that drm would induce wide use by music suppliers concerned about piracy 6 the trademarked sd logo was originally developed for the super density disc which was the unsuccessful toshiba entry in the dvd format war for this reason the d within the logo resembles an optical disc at the 2000 consumer electronics show ces trade show the three companies announced the creation of the sd association sda to promote sd cards the sd association headquartered in san ramon california united states started with about 30 companies and today consists of about 1 000 product manufacturers that make interoperable memory cards and devices early samples of the sd card 7 became available in the first quarter of 2000 with production quantities of 32 and 64 mb 8 cards available three months later 2003 mini cards edit the minisd form was introduced at march 2003 cebit by sandisk corporation which announced and demonstrated it 9 the sda adopted the minisd card in 2003 as a small form factor extension to the sd card standard while the new cards were designed especially for mobile phones they are usually packaged with a minisd adapter that provides compatibility with a standard sd memory card slot 2004 2005 micro cards edit microsd card in a smartphone see also mobile phones the microsd removable miniaturized secure digital flash memory cards were originally named t flash or tf abbreviations of transflash transflash and microsd cards are functionally identical allowing either to operate in devices made for the other 10 microsd and transflash cards are electrically compatible with larger sd cards and can be used in devices that accept sd cards with the help of a passive adapter which contains no electronic components only metal traces connecting the two sets of contacts unlike the larger sd cards microsd does not offer a mechanical write protect switch thus an operating system independent way of write protecting them does not exist in the general case sandisk conceived microsd when its chief technology officer cto and the cto of motorola concluded that current memory cards were too large for mobile phones citation needed the card was originally called t flash 11 but just before product launch t mobile sent a cease and desist letter to sandisk claiming that t mobile owned the trademark on t anything citation needed and the name was changed to transflash at ctia wireless 2005 the sda announced the small microsd form factor along with sdhc secure digital high capacity formatting in excess of 2 gb 12 with a minimum sustained read and write speed of 17 6 mbit s 13 citation needed sandisk induced the sda to administer the microsd standard the sda approved the final microsd specification on july 13 2005 initially microsd cards were available in capacities of 32 64 and 128 mb citation needed the motorola e398 was the first mobile phone to contain a transflash later microsd card citation needed a few years later its competitors began using microsd cards 2006 2008 sdhc and sdio edit this microsdhc card holds 8 billion bytes beneath it is a section of a magnetic core memory used until the 1970s that holds eight bytes using 64 cores the card covers approximately 20 bits 2 1 2 bytes the sdhc format announced in january 2006 brought improvements such as 32 gb storage capacity 14 and mandatory support for fat32 file system citation needed in april the sda released a detailed specification for the non security related parts of the sd memory card standard and for the secure digital input output sdio cards and the standard sd host controller citation needed in september 2006 sandisk announced the 4 gb minisdhc 15 like the sd and sdhc the minisdhc card has the same form factor as the older minisd card but the hc card requires hc support built into the host device devices that support minisdhc work with minisd and minisdhc but devices without specific support for minisdhc work only with the older minisd card since 2008 minisd cards are no longer produced due to market domination of the even smaller microsd cards 2009 2022 sdxc edit macro shot of a microsdxc memory card with eight gold plated electrical contacts the storage density of memory cards has increased significantly throughout the 2010s decade allowing the earliest devices to offer support for the sd xc standard such as the samsung galaxy s iii and samsung galaxy note ii mobile phones to expand their available storage to several hundreds of gigabytes 2009 in january 2009 the sda announced the sdxc family which supports cards up to 2 tb 16 and speeds up to 300 mb s citation needed sdxc cards are formatted with the exfat filesystem by default 17 sdxc was announced at consumer electronics show ces 2009 january 7 10 at the same show sandisk and sony also announced a comparable memory stick xc variant with the same 2 tb 16 maximum as sdxc 18 and panasonic announced plans to produce 64 gb sdxc cards 19 on march 6 pretec introduced the first sdxc card 20 a 32 gb card with a read write speed of 400 mbit s but only early in 2010 did compatible host devices come onto the market including sony s handycam hdr cx55v camcorder canon s eos 550d also known as rebel t2i digital slr camera 21 a usb card reader from panasonic and an integrated sdxc card reader from jmicron 22 the earliest laptops to integrate sdxc card readers relied on a usb 2 0 bus which does not have the bandwidth to support sdxc at full speed 23 2010 in early 2010 commercial sdxc cards appeared from toshiba 64 gb 24 25 panasonic 64 gb and 48 gb 26 and sandisk 64 gb 27 2011 in early 2011 centon electronics inc 64 gb and 128 gb and lexar 128 gb began shipping sdxc cards rated at speed class 10 28 pretec offered cards from 8 gb to 128 gb rated at speed class 16 29 in september 2011 sandisk released a 64 gb microsdxc card 30 kingmax released a comparable product in 2011 31 2012 in april 2012 panasonic introduced microp2 card format for professional video applications the cards are essentially full size sdhc or sdxc uhs ii cards rated at uhs speed class u1 32 33 an adapter allows microp2 cards to work in current p2 card equipment 34 2013 panasonic microp2 cards shipped in march 2013 and were the first uhs ii compliant products on market initial offer includes a 32gb sdhc card and a 64gb sdxc card 32 35 later that year lexar released the first 256 gb sdxc card based on 20 nm nand flash technology 36 2014 in february 2014 sandisk introduced the first 128 gb microsdxc card 37 which was followed by a 200 gb microsdxc card in march 2015 38 september 2014 saw sandisk announce the first 512 gb sdxc card 39 2016 samsung announced the world s first evo plus 256 gb microsdxc card in may 2016 40 and in september 2016 western digital sandisk announced that a prototype of the first 1 tb 41 sdxc card would be demonstrated at photokina 42 2017 in august 2017 sandisk launched a 400 gb microsdxc card 43 2018 in january 2018 integral memory unveiled its 512 gb microsdxc card 44 in may 2018 pny launched a 512 gb microsdxc card in june 2018 kingston announced its canvas series of microsd cards which were capable of capacities up to 512 gb 12 in three variations select go and react 45 2019 in february 2019 micron and sandisk unveiled their microsdxc cards of 1 tb capacity 46 2019 present sduc edit the secure digital ultra capacity sduc format supports cards up to 128 tb 16 and offers speeds up to 985 mb s capacity edit secure digital includes five card families available in three sizes the five families are the original standard capacity sdsc the high capacity sdhc the extended capacity sdxc the ultra capacity sduc and the sdio which combines input output functions with data storage 47 48 49 the three form factors are the original size the mini size and the micro size electrically passive adapters allow a smaller card to fit and function in a device built for a larger card the sd card s small footprint is an ideal storage medium for smaller thinner and more portable electronic devices sd sdsc edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed october 2016 learn how and when to remove this template message secure digital standard capacity sd logo the specification defines cards with a capacity of up to 2 gb the second generation secure digital sdsc or secure digital standard capacity card was developed to improve on the multimediacard mmc standard which continued to evolve but in a different direction secure digital changed the mmc design in several ways asymmetrical shape of the sides of the sd card prevent inserting it upside down whereas an mmc goes in most of the way but makes no contact if inverted most sd cards are 2 1 mm 0 083 inches thick compared to 1 4 mm 0 055 inches for mmcs the sd specification defines a card called thin sd with a thickness of 1 4 mm but they occur only rarely as the sda went on to define even smaller form factors the card s electrical contacts are recessed beneath the surface of the card protecting them from contact with a user s fingers the sd specification envisioned capacities and transfer rates exceeding those of mmc and both of these functionalities have grown over time for a comparison table see below while mmc uses a single pin for data transfers the sd card added a four wire bus mode for higher data rates the sd card added content protection for recordable media cprm security circuitry for digital rights management drm content protection addition of a write protect notch full size sd cards do not fit into the slimmer mmc slots and other issues also affect the ability to use one format in a host device designed for the other sdhc edit secure digital high capacity sdhc logo the specification defines cards with a capacity of more than 2 gb up to 32 gb the secure digital high capacity sdhc format announced in january 2006 and defined in version 2 0 of the sd specification supports cards with capacities up to 32 gb 12 47 the sdhc trademark is licensed to ensure compatibility 50 sdhc cards are physically and electrically identical to standard capacity sd cards sdsc the major compatibility issues between sdhc and sdsc cards are the redefinition of the card specific data csd register in version 2 0 see below and the fact that sdhc cards are shipped preformatted with the fat32 file system version 2 0 also introduces a high speed bus mode for both sdsc and sdhc cards which doubles the original standard speed clock to produce 25 mb s 51 sdhc host devices are required to accept older sd cards 52 however older host devices do not recognize sdhc or sdxc memory cards although some devices can do so through a firmware upgrade 53 better source needed older windows operating systems released before windows 7 require patches or service packs to support access to sdhc cards 54 55 56 sdxc edit secure digital extended capacity logo the specification defines cards with a capacity of more than 32 gb up to 2 tb the secure digital extended capacity sdxc format announced in january 2009 and defined in version 3 01 of the sd specification supports cards up to 2 tb 16 compared to a limit of 32 gb 12 for sdhc cards in the sd 2 0 specification sdxc adopts microsoft s exfat file system as a mandatory feature 57 version 3 01 also introduced the ultra high speed uhs bus for both sdhc and sdxc cards with interface speeds from 50 mb s to 104 mb s for four bit uhs i bus 58 this number has since been exceeded with sandisk proprietary technology for 170 mb s read which is not proprietary anymore as lexar has the 1066x running at 160 mb s read and 120 mb s write via uhs 1 and kingston also has their canvas go plus also running at 170 mb s 59 60 61 62 version 4 0 introduced in june 2011 allows speeds of 156 mb s to 312 mb s over the four lane two differential lanes uhs ii bus which requires an additional row of physical pins 58 version 5 0 was announced in february 2016 at cp 2016 and added video speed class ratings for uhs cards to handle higher resolution video formats like 8k 63 64 the new ratings define a minimal write speed of 90 mb s 65 66 sduc edit secure digital ultra capacity sduc logo the specification defines cards with a capacity of more than 2 tb up to 128 tb the secure digital ultra capacity sduc format described in the sd 7 0 specification and announced in june 2018 supports cards up to 128 tb 16 and offers speeds up to 985 mb s regardless of form factor either micro or full size or interface type including uhs i uhs ii uhs iii or sd express 67 the sd express interface can also be used with sdhc and sdxc cards exfat files...