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g from dolled up new age to boring and irrelevant technical noodling 16 nevertheless it has attained a certain degree of acclaim throughout the years especially in the internet age due to its relatively open style ambient music often takes influences from many other genres ranging from classical avant garde music folk jazz and world music amongst others 17 18 contents 1 history 1 1 origins 1 2 1960s 1 3 1970s 1 3 1 brian eno 1 4 1980s 1 5 1990s 1 6 2000s present 2 related and derivative genres 2 1 ambient dub 2 2 ambient house 2 3 ambient techno 2 4 ambient industrial 2 5 ambient pop 2 6 dark ambient 2 7 space music 3 notable ambient music shows on radio and via satellite over the air 4 see also 5 notes 6 references 7 external links history edit origins edit erik satie is acknowledged as an important precursor to modern ambient music and an influence on brian eno as an early 20th century french composer erik satie used such dadaist inspired explorations to create an early form of ambient background music that he labeled furniture music musique d ameublement this he described as being the sort of music that could be played during a dinner to create a background atmosphere for that activity rather than serving as the focus of attention 19 in his own words satie sought to create a music which will be part of the noises of the environment will take them into consideration i think of it as melodious softening the noises of the knives and forks at dinner not dominating them not imposing itself it would fill up those heavy silences that sometime fall between friends dining together it would spare them the trouble of paying attention to their own banal remarks and at the same time it would neutralize the street noises which so indiscreetly enter into the play of conversation to make such music would be to respond to a need 20 21 according to a 1998 article in the wire blind willie johnson s 1928 single dark was the night cold was the ground could be filed under ambient music deeming it a piece of country gospel improvisation slide guitar with vocal hums and moans but no lyrics 22 in 1948 french composer engineer pierre schaeffer coined the term musique concrète this experimental style of music used recordings of natural sounds that were then modified manipulated or effected to create a composition 23 shaeffer s techniques of using tape loops and splicing are considered to be the precursor to modern day sampling in 1952 john cage released his famous three movement composition 24 4 33 which is a performance of complete silence for four minutes and thirty three seconds the piece is intended to capture the ambient sounds of the venue location of the performance and have that be the music played 25 cage has been cited by seminal artists such as brian eno as influence 25 1960s edit in the 1960s many music groups experimented with unusual methods with some of them creating what would later be called ambient music in the summer of 1962 composers ramon sender and morton subotnick founded the san francisco tape music center which functioned both as an electronic music studio and concert venue 26 other composers working with tape recorders became members and collaborators including pauline oliveros terry riley and steve reich their compositions among others contributed to the development of minimal music also called minimalism which shares many similar concepts to ambient music such as repetitive patterns or pulses steady drones and consonant harmony 27 many records were released in europe and the united states of america between the mid 1960s and the mid 1990s that established the conventions of the ambient genre in the anglophone popular music market 28 some 1960s records with ambient elements include music for yoga meditation and other joys and music for zen meditation by tony scott soothing sounds for baby by raymond scott and the first record of the environments album series by irv teibel in the late 1960s french composer éliane radigue composed several pieces by processing tape loops from the feedback between two tape recorders and a microphone 29 in the 1970s she then went on to compose similar music almost exclusively with an arp 2500 synthesiser and her long slow compositions have often been compared to drone music 30 31 in 1969 the group coum transmissions were performing sonic experiments in british art schools 32 pearls before swine s 1968 album balaklava features the sounds of birdsong and ocean noise which were to become tropes of ambient music 22 1970s edit developing in the 1970s ambient music stemmed from the experimental and synthesizer oriented styles of the period between 1974 and 1976 american composer laurie spiegel created her seminal work the expanding universe created on a computer analog hybrid system called groove 33 in 1977 her composition music of the spheres was included on voyager 1 and 2 s golden record 34 in april 1975 suzanne ciani gave two performances on her buchla synthesizer one at the wbai free music store and one at phil niblock s loft 35 these performances were released on an archival album in 2016 entitled buchla concerts 1975 according to the record label these concerts were part live presentation part grant application and part educational demonstration 36 however it wasn t until brian eno coined the term in the mid 70s that ambient music was defined as a genre eno went on to record 1975 s discreet music with this in mind suggesting that it be listened to at comparatively low levels even to the extent that it frequently falls below the threshold of audibility 20 referring to satie s quote about his musique d ameublement 37 other contemporaneous musicians creating ambient style music at the time included jamaican dub musicians such as king tubby 2 japanese electronic music composers such as isao tomita 3 4 and ryuichi sakamoto as well as the psychoacoustic soundscapes of irv teibel s environments series and german experimental bands such as popol vuh cluster kraftwerk harmonia ash ra tempel and tangerine dream mike orme of stylus magazine describes the work of berlin school musicians as laying the groundwork for ambient 38 the impact the rise of the synthesizer in modern music had on ambient as a genre cannot be overstated as ralf hutter of early electronic pioneers kraftwerk said in a 1977 billboard interview electronics is beyond nations and colors with electronics everything is possible the only limit is with the composer 39 the yellow magic orchestra developed a distinct style of ambient electronic music that would later be developed into ambient house music 40 brian eno edit brian eno pictured in 1974 is credited with coining the term ambient music the english producer brian eno is credited with coining the term ambient music in the mid 1970s he said other artists had been creating similar music but that i just gave it a name which is exactly what it needed by naming something you create a difference you say that this is now real names are very important 41 he used the term to describe music that is different from forms of canned music like muzak 42 in the liner notes for his 1978 album ambient 1 music for airports eno wrote 43 whereas the extant canned music companies proceed from the basis of regularizing environments by blanketing their acoustic and atmospheric idiosyncrasies ambient music is intended to enhance these whereas conventional background music is produced by stripping away all sense of doubt and uncertainty and thus all genuine interest from the music ambient music retains these qualities and whereas their intention is to brighten the environment by adding stimulus to it thus supposedly alleviating the tedium of routine tasks and leveling out the natural ups and downs of the body rhythms ambient music is intended to induce calm and a space to think ambient music must be able to accommodate many levels of listening attention without enforcing one in particular it must be as ignorable as it is interesting eno who describes himself as a non musician termed his experiments treatments rather than traditional performances 43 44 1980s edit in the late 70s new age musician laraaji began busking in new york parks and sidewalks including washington square park it was there that brian eno heard laraaji playing and asked him if he d like to record an album day of radiance released in 1980 was the third album in eno s ambient series although laraaji had already recorded a number of albums this one gave him international recognition 45 unlike other albums in the series day of radiance featured mostly acoustic instruments instead of electronics in the mid 1980s the possibilities to create a sonic landscape increased through the use of sampling by the late 1980s there was a steep increase in the incorporation of the computer in the writing and recording process of records the sixteen bit macintosh platform with built in sound and comparable ibm models would find themselves in studios and homes of musicians and record makers 46 however many artists were still working with analogue synthesizers and acoustic instruments to produce ambient works in 1983 midori takada recorded her first solo lp through the looking glass in two days she performed all parts on the album with diverse instrumentation including percussion marimba gong reed organ bells ocarina vibraphone piano and glass coca cola bottles 47 between 1988 and 1993 éliane radigue produced three hour long works on the arp 2500 which were subsequently issued together as la trilogie de la mort 48 also in 1988 founding member and director of the san francisco tape music centre pauline oliveros coined the term deep listening after she recorded an album inside a huge underground cistern in washington which has a 45 second reverberation time the concept of deep listening then went on to become an aesthetic based upon principles of improvisation electronic music ritual teaching and meditation 49 1990s edit by the early 1990s artists such as the orb aphex twin seefeel the irresistible force biosphere and the higher intelligence agency gained commercial success and were being referred to by the popular music press as ambient house ambient techno idm or simply ambient the term chillout emerged from british ecstasy culture which was originally applied in relaxed downtempo chillout rooms outside of the main dance floor where ambient dub and downtempo beats were played to ease the tripping mind 50 51 london artists such as aphex twin specifically selected ambient works volume ii 1994 global communication 76 14 1994 the future sound of london lifeforms 1994 isdn 1994 the black dog temple of transparent balls 1993 autechre incunabula 1993 amber 1994 boards of canada and the klf s chill out 1990 all took a part in popularising and diversifying ambient music where it was used as a calming respite from the intensity of the hardcore and techno popular at that time 50 other global ambient artists from the 1990s include american composers stars of the lid who released 5 albums during this decade and japanese artist susumu yokota whose album sakura 1999 featured what pitchfork magazine called dreamy processed guitar as a distinctive sound tool 52 2000s present edit sounds of natural habitats are common in youtube uploads with their thumbnails typically having images of natural landscapes to attract listeners by the late 2000s and 2010s ambient music also gained widespread recognition on youtube with uploaded pieces usually ranging from 1 to 8 hours long getting over millions of hits such videos are usually titled or are generally known as relaxing music and may be influenced by other music genres ambient videos assist online listeners with yoga study sleep see music and sleep massage meditation and gaining optimism inspiration and creating peaceful atmosphere in their rooms or other environments 53 many uploaded ambient videos tend to be influenced by biomusic where they feature sounds of nature though the sounds would be modified with reverbs and delay units to make spacey versions of the sounds as part of the ambience such natural sounds oftentimes include those of a beach rainforest thunderstorm and rainfall among others with vocalizations of animals such as bird songs being used as well pieces containing binaural beats are common and popular uploads as well which provide music therapy and stress management for the listener 54 55 a verified youtube channels such as aptly titled ambient has over 500 000 subscribers 59 other verified channels that also publish ambient music include meditation relax music which has over two million subscribers 60 soothing relaxation with more than eight million subscribers 61 and relaxing white noise with over 500 000 subscribers among others itunes and spotify have digital radio stations that feature ambient music which are mostly produced by independent labels 5 acclaimed ambient music of this era according to pitchfork magazine include works by max richter julianna barwick grouper william basinski oneohtrix point never and the caretaker 62 63 64 65 in 2011 american composer liz harris recording as grouper released the album aia alien observer listed by pitchfork at number 21 on their 50 best ambient albums of all time 66 in 2011 julianna barwick released her first full length album the magic place heavily influenced by her childhood experiences in a church choir barwick loops her wordless vocals into ethereal soundscapes 67 it was listed at number 30 on pitchfork s 50 best ambient albums of all time 66 after several self released albums buchla composer producer and performer kaitlyn aurelia smith was signed to independent record label western vinyl in 2015 68 in 2016 she released her second official album ears it paired the buchla synthesizer with traditional instruments and her compositions were compared to laurie spiegel and alice coltrane 69 kaitlyn has also collaborated with other well known buchla performer suzanne ciani 70 iggy pop s 2019 album free features ambient soundscapes 71 mallsoft a subgenre of vaporwave features various ambient influences with artists such as cat system corp and groceries exploring ambient sounds typical of malls and grocery stores 72 related and derivative genres edit ambient dub edit see also dub music and psydub ambient dub is a fusion of ambient music with dub the term was first coined by birmingham s now defunct label beyond records in early 1990s the label released series of albums ambient dub volume 1 to 4 that inspired many artists including bill laswell who used the same phrase in his music project divination where he collaborated with other artists in the genre ambient dub adopts dub styles made famous by king tubby and other jamaican sound artists from the 1960s to the early 1970s using dj inspired ambient electronica complete with all the inherent drop outs echo equalization and psychedelic electronic effects it often features layering techniques and incorporates elements ...