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er station with another nuclear power plant in dukovany the czech republic is reducing its dependence on highly polluting low grade brown coal as a source of energy natural gas is procured from russian gazprom roughly three quarters of domestic consumption and from norwegian companies which make up most of the remaining quarter russian gas is imported via ukraine norwegian gas is transported through germany 126 gas consumption approx 100 twh in 2003 2005 is almost double electricity consumption south moravia has small oil and gas deposits transportation infrastructure main article transport in the czech republic václav havel airport prague as of 2020 the road network in the czech republic is 55 768 3 kilometers 34 652 82 mi long out of which 1 276 4 kilometers 793 1 mi are motorways 127 the speed limit is 50 km h within towns 90 km h outside of towns and 130 km h on motorways 128 the czech republic has one of the densest rail networks in the world as of 2020 the country has 9 542 kilometers 5 929 mi of lines of that number 3 236 kilometers 2 011 mi is electrified 7 503 kilometers 4 662 mi are single line tracks and 2 040 kilometers 1 270 mi are double and multiple line tracks 129 the length of tracks is 15 360 kilometers 9 540 mi out of which 6 917 kilometers 4 298 mi is electrified 130 české dráhy the czech railways is the main railway operator in the country with about 180 million passengers carried yearly maximum speed is limited to 160 km h václav havel airport in prague is the main international airport in the country in 2019 it handled 17 8 million passengers 131 in total the czech republic has 91 airports six of which provide international air services the public international airports are in brno karlovy vary mnichovo hradiště mošnov near ostrava pardubice and prague 132 the non public international airports capable of handling airliners are in kunovice and vodochody 133 russia via pipelines through ukraine and to a lesser extent norway via pipelines through germany supply the czech republic with liquid and natural gas 126 communications and it main article internet in the czech republic founders and owners of the antivirus group avast the czech republic ranks in the top 10 countries worldwide with the fastest average internet speed 134 by the beginning of 2008 there were over 800 mostly local wisps 135 136 with about 350 000 subscribers in 2007 plans based on either gprs edge umts or cdma2000 are being offered by all three mobile phone operators t mobile o2 vodafone and internet provider u fon government owned český telecom slowed down broadband penetration at the beginning of 2004 local loop unbundling began and alternative operators started to offer adsl and also sdsl this and later privatization of český telecom helped drive down prices on 1 july 2006 český telecom was acquired by globalized company spain owned telefónica group and adopted the new name telefónica o2 czech republic as of 2017 update vdsl and adsl2 are offered in variants with download speeds of up to 50 mbit s and upload speeds of up to 5 mbit s cable internet is gaining more popularity with its higher download speeds ranging from 50 mbit s to 1 gbit s two computer security companies avast and avg were founded in the czech republic in 2016 avast led by pavel baudiš bought rival avg for us 1 3 billion together at the time these companies had a user base of about 400 million people and 40 of the consumer market outside of china 137 138 avast is the leading provider of antivirus software with a 20 5 market share 139 tourism main article tourism in the czech republic medieval castle karlštejn prague is the fifth most visited city in europe after london paris istanbul and rome 140 in 2001 the total earnings from tourism reached 118 billion czk making up 5 5 of gnp and 9 of overall export earnings the industry employs more than 110 000 people over 1 of the population 141 guidebooks and tourists reporting overcharging by taxi drivers and pickpocketing problems are mainly in prague though the situation has improved recently 142 143 since 2005 prague s mayor pavel bém has worked to improve this reputation by cracking down on petty crime 143 and aside from these problems prague is a safe city 144 the czech republic s crime rate is described by the united states state department as low 145 one of the tourist attractions in the czech republic 146 is the nether district vítkovice in ostrava the czech republic boasts 16 unesco world heritage sites 3 of them are transnational as of 2021 update further 14 sites are on the tentative list 147 český krumlov architectural heritage is an object of interest to visitors it includes castles and châteaux from different historical epoques namely karlštejn castle český krumlov and the lednice valtice cultural landscape there are 12 cathedrals and 15 churches elevated to the rank of basilica by the pope calm monasteries away from the towns areas such as bohemian paradise bohemian forest and the giant mountains attract visitors seeking outdoor pursuits there is a number of beer festivals the country is also known for its various museums puppetry and marionette exhibitions are with a number of puppet festivals throughout the country 148 aquapalace prague in čestlice is the largest water park in the country science chemist jaroslav heyrovský nobel prize winner the czech lands have a long and well documented history of scientific innovation 149 150 today the czech republic has a highly sophisticated developed high performing innovation oriented scientific community supported by the government 151 industry 152 and leading czech universities 153 czech scientists are embedded members of the global scientific community 154 they contribute annually to multiple international academic journals and collaborate with their colleagues across boundaries and fields 155 156 157 158 the czech republic was ranked 24th in the global innovation index in 2020 and 2021 up from 26th in 2019 159 160 161 historically the czech lands especially prague have been the seat of scientific discovery going back to early modern times including tycho brahe nicolaus copernicus and johannes kepler in 1784 the scientific community was first formally organized under the charter of the royal czech society of sciences currently this organization is known as the czech academy of sciences 162 similarly the czech lands have a well established history of scientists 163 164 including nobel laureates biochemists gerty and carl ferdinand cori chemist jaroslav heyrovský chemist otto wichterle physicist peter grünberg and chemist antonín holý 165 sigmund freud the founder of psychoanalysis was born in příbor 166 gregor mendel the founder of genetics was born in hynčice and spent most of his life in brno 167 eli beamlines science center with the most powerful laser in the world in dolní břežany most of the scientific research was recorded in latin or in german and archived in libraries supported and managed by religious groups and other denominations as evidenced by historical locations of international renown and heritage such as the strahov monastery and the clementinum in prague increasingly czech scientists publish their work and that of their history in english 168 169 the current important scientific institution is the already mentioned academy of sciences of the czech republic the ceitec institute in brno or the hilase and eli beamlines centers with the most powerful laser in the world in dolní břežany prague is the seat of the administrative center of the gsa agency operating the european navigation system galileo and the european union agency for the space programme demographics main article demographics of the czech republic see also list of cities and towns in the czech republic the total fertility rate tfr in 2020 was estimated at 1 71 children born woman which is below the replacement rate of 2 1 170 the czech republic s population has an average age of 43 3 years 171 the life expectancy in 2021 was estimated to be 79 5 years 76 55 years male 82 61 years female 172 about 77 000 people immigrate to the czech republic annually 173 vietnamese immigrants began settling in the country during the communist period when they were invited as guest workers by the czechoslovak government 174 in 2009 there were about 70 000 vietnamese in the czech republic 175 most decide to stay in the country permanently 176 according to results of the 2021 census the majority of the inhabitants of the czech republic are czechs 57 3 followed by moravians 3 4 slovaks 0 9 ukrainians 0 7 viets 0 3 poles 0 3 russians 0 2 silesians 0 1 and germans 0 1 another 4 0 declared combination of two nationalities 3 6 combination of czech and other nationality as the nationality was an optional item a number of people left this field blank 31 6 4 according to some estimates there are about 250 000 romani people in the czech republic 177 178 the polish minority resides mainly in the zaolzie region 179 there were 496 413 foreigners 4 5 of the population residing in the country in 2016 according to the czech statistical office with the largest groups being ukrainian 22 slovak 22 vietnamese 12 russian 7 and german 4 most of the foreign population lives in prague 37 3 and central bohemia region 13 2 180 the jewish population of bohemia and moravia 118 000 according to the 1930 census was nearly annihilated by the nazi germans during the holocaust 181 there were approximately 3 900 jews in the czech republic in 2021 182 the former czech prime minister jan fischer is of jewish faith 183 nationality of residents who answered the question in the census 2021 184 185 nationality share czech 83 76 moravian 4 99 czech and moravian 2 50 slovak 1 33 ukrainian 1 08 czech and slovak 0 82 vietnamese 0 44 polish 0 37 russian 0 35 other 4 36 largest cities v t e largest municipalities in the czech republic czech statistical office 186 rank name region pop rank name region pop prague brno 1 prague prague 1 313 508 11 zlín zlín 75 112 ostrava plzeň 2 brno south moravian 377 440 12 havířov moravian silesian 75 049 3 ostrava moravian silesian 294 200 13 kladno central bohemian 68 552 4 plzeň plzeň 169 033 14 most ústí nad labem 67 089 5 liberec liberec 102 562 15 opava moravian silesian 57 772 6 olomouc olomouc 100 378 16 frýdek místek moravian silesian 56 945 7 ústí nad labem ústí nad labem 93 409 17 karviná moravian silesian 55 985 8 české budějovice south bohemian 93 285 18 jihlava vysočina 50 521 9 hradec králové hradec králové 92 808 19 teplice ústí nad labem 50 079 10 pardubice pardubice 89 693 20 děčín ústí nad labem 49 833 religion main articles religion in the czech republic and religion in the european union religion in the czech republic 2011 187 undeclared 44 7 irreligion 34 5 catholicism 10 5 believers not members of other religions 6 8 other christian churches 1 1 protestantism 1 believers members of other religions 0 7 other religions unknown 0 7 about 75 188 to 79 189 of residents of the czech republic do not declare having any religion or faith in surveys and the proportion of convinced atheists 30 is the third highest in the world behind those of china 47 and japan 31 190 the czech people have been historically characterized as tolerant and even indifferent towards religion 191 saint wenceslaus patron saint of the czech lands christianization in the 9th and 10th centuries introduced catholicism after the bohemian reformation most czechs became followers of jan hus petr chelčický and other regional protestant reformers taborites and utraquists were hussite groups towards the end of the hussite wars the utraquists changed sides and allied with the catholic church following the joint utraquist catholic victory utraquism was accepted as a distinct form of christianity to be practiced in bohemia by the catholic church while all remaining hussite groups were prohibited after the reformation some bohemians went with the teachings of martin luther especially sudeten germans in the wake of the reformation utraquist hussites took a renewed increasingly anti catholic stance while some of the defeated hussite factions were revived after the habsburgs regained control of bohemia the whole population was forcibly converted to catholicism even the utraquist hussites going forward czechs have become more wary and pessimistic of religion as such a history of resistance to the catholic church followed it suffered a schism with the neo hussite czechoslovak hussite church in 1920 lost the bulk of its adherents during the communist era and continues to lose in the modern ongoing secularization protestantism never recovered after the counter reformation was introduced by the austrian habsburgs in 1620 prior to the holocaust the czech republic had a sizable jewish community of around 100 000 there are many historically important and culturally relevant synagogues in the czech republic such as europe s oldest active synagogue the old new synagogue and the second largest synagogue in europe the great synagogue plzeň the holocaust decimated czech jewry and the jewish population as of 2021 is 3 900 192 according to the 2011 census 34 of the population stated they had no religion 10 3 was catholic 0 8 was protestant 0 5 czech brethren and 0 4 hussite 193 and 9 followed other forms of religion both denominational or not of which 863 people answered they are pagan 45 of the population did not answer the question about religion 187 from 1991 to 2001 and further to 2011 the adherence to catholicism decreased from 39 to 27 and then to 10 protestantism similarly declined from 3 7 to 2 and then to 0 8 194 the muslim population is estimated to be 20 000 representing 0 2 of the population 195 the proportion of religious believers varies significantly across the country from 55 in zlín region to 16 in ústí nad labem region 196 education and health care main articles education in the czech republic and healthcare in the czech republic the oldest part of charles university founded in 1348 education in the czech republic is compulsory for nine years and citizens have access to a free tuition university education while the average number of years of education is 13 1 197 additionally the czech republic has a relatively equal educational system in comparison with other countries in europe 197 founded in 1348 charles university was the first university in central europe other major universities in the country are masaryk university czech technical university palacký university academy of performing arts and university of economics the programme for international student assessment coordinated by the oecd currently ranks the czech education system as the 15th most successful in the world higher than the oecd average 198 the un education index ranks the czech republic 10th as of 2013 update positioned behind denmark and ahead of south korea 199 health care in the czech republic is similar in quality to that of other developed nations the czec...