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googol wikipedia 1 187 captures 19 dec 2003 17 sep 2026 sep oct nov 03 2021 2022 2023 success fail about this capture timestamps the wayback machine http web archive org web 20221003071152 https en wikipedia org wiki googol googol from wikipedia the free encyclopedia this is the latest accepted revision reviewed on 30 september 2022 jump to navigation jump to search large number defined as ten to the power of 100 not to be confused with google or nikolai gogol a googol is the large number 10 100 in decimal notation it is written as the digit 1 followed by one hundred zeroes 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 contents 1 etymology 2 size 3 properties 4 cultural impact 5 see also 6 notes 7 references 8 external links etymology the term was coined in 1920 by 9 year old milton sirotta 1911 1981 nephew of u s mathematician edward kasner 1 he may have been inspired by the contemporary comic strip character barney google 2 kasner popularized the concept in his 1940 book mathematics and the imagination 3 other names for this quantity include ten duotrigintillion on the short scale 4 ten thousand sexdecillion on the long scale or ten sexdecilliard on the peletier long scale size a googol has no special significance in mathematics however it is useful when comparing with other very large quantities such as the number of subatomic particles in the visible universe or the number of hypothetical possibilities in a chess game kasner used it to illustrate the difference between an unimaginably large number and infinity and in this role it is sometimes used in teaching mathematics to give a sense of how big a googol really is the mass of an electron just under 10 30 kg can be compared to the mass of the visible universe estimated at between 10 50 and 10 60 kg 5 original research it is a ratio in the order of about 10 80 to 10 90 or at most one ten billionth of a googol 0 00000001 of a googol another way of illustrating the immense size of a googol is to picture the frontier supercomputer which as of 2022 is the most powerful supercomputer in the world and measures 680 m 2 7 300 sq ft almost exactly the same size of a basketball court with run offs and sidelines 6 the frontier is capable of making 1 102 000 tflops 1 1 quintillion calculations per second imagine if the supercomputer which cost approximately us 600 million to build was shrunk down to the size of an atom for reference a typical grain of sand might have 37 quintillion atoms 7 if every atom in the observable universe 10 80 atoms total 8 was as powerful as a frontier supercomputer it would take approximately 100 seconds of parallel computing to manually add up all the digits like an adding machine instead of using shorthand calculations carl sagan pointed out that the total number of elementary particles in the universe is around 10 80 the eddington number and that if the whole universe were packed with neutrons so that there would be no empty space anywhere there would be around 10 128 he also noted the similarity of the second calculation to that of archimedes in the sand reckoner by archimedes s calculation the universe of aristarchus roughly 2 light years in diameter if fully packed with sand would contain 10 63 grains if the much larger observable universe of today were filled with sand it would still only equal 10 95 grains another 100 000 observable universes filled with sand would be necessary to make a googol 9 the decay time for a supermassive black hole of roughly 1 galaxy mass 10 11 solar masses due to hawking radiation is on the order of 10 100 years 10 therefore the heat death of an expanding universe is lower bounded to occur at least one googol years in the future a googol is considerably smaller than a centillion 11 properties a googol is approximately 70 factorial of 70 a using an integral binary numeral system one would need 333 bits to represent a googol i e 1 googol 2 100 l o g 10 2 displaystyle 2 100 mathrm log _ 10 2 2 332 19280949 however a googol is well within the maximum bounds of an ieee 754 double precision floating point type but without full precision in the mantissa using modular arithmetic the series of residues mod n of one googol starting with mod 1 is as follows 0 0 1 0 0 4 4 0 1 0 1 4 3 4 10 0 4 10 9 0 4 12 13 16 0 16 10 4 16 10 5 0 1 4 25 28 10 28 16 0 1 4 31 12 10 36 27 16 11 0 sequence a066298 in the oeis this sequence is the same as that of the residues mod n of a googolplex up until the 17th position cultural impact widespread sounding of the word occurs through the name of the company google with the name google being an accidental misspelling of googol by the company s founders 12 which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information 13 in 2004 family members of kasner who had inherited the right to his book were considering suing google for their use of the term googol 14 however no suit was ever filed 15 since october 2009 google has been assigning domain names to its servers under the domain 1e100 net the scientific notation for 1 googol in order to provide a single domain to identify servers across the google network 16 17 the word is notable for being the subject of the 1 million question in a 2001 episode of the british quiz show who wants to be a millionaire when contestant charles ingram cheated his way through the show with the help of a confederate in the studio audience 18 see also googolplex graham s number skewes number infinity names of large numbers notes 1 1979 10 100 references bialik carl june 14 2004 there could be no google without edward kasner the wall street journal online archived from the original on november 30 2016 retrieved march 17 2015 ralph keyes 2021 the hidden history of coined words oxford university press p 120 isbn 978 0 19 046677 0 extract of page 120 kasner edward newman james r 1940 mathematics and the imagination simon and schuster new york isbn 0 486 41703 4 archived from the original on 2014 07 03 the relevant passage about the googol and googolplex attributing both of these names to kasner s nine year old nephew is available in james r newman ed 2000 1956 the world of mathematics volume 3 mineola new york dover publications pp 2007 2010 isbn 978 0 486 41151 4 bromham lindell 2016 an introduction to molecular evolution and phylogenetics 2nd ed new york ny oxford university press p 494 isbn 978 0 19 873636 3 retrieved april 15 2022 mcpherson kristine 2006 elert glenn ed mass of the universe the physics factbook retrieved 2019 08 24 basketball court dimensions markings harrod sport www harrodsport com retrieved 2022 09 14 yongsheng zhong 2016 07 31 chinese classic economics paths international isbn 978 1 84464 467 4 villanueva john carl 2009 07 31 how many atoms are there in the universe universe today retrieved 2022 09 14 sagan carl 1981 cosmos book club associates pp 220 221 page don n 1976 01 15 particle emission rates from a black hole massless particles from an uncharged nonrotating hole physical review d american physical society aps 13 2 198 206 bibcode 1976phrvd 13 198p doi 10 1103 physrevd 13 198 issn 0556 2821 see in particular equation 27 stewart ian 2017 infinity a very short introduction new york ny oxford university press p 20 isbn 978 0 19 875523 4 retrieved april 15 2022 koller david january 2004 origin of the name google stanford university archived from the original on june 27 2012 retrieved july 4 2012 google beta website google inc archived from the original on february 21 1999 retrieved october 12 2010 have your google people talk to my googol people archived from the original on 2014 09 04 nowlan robert a 2017 masters of mathematics the problems they solved why these are important and what you should know about them rotterdam sense publishers p 221 isbn 978 9463008938 cade metz 8 february 2010 google doppelgänger casts riddle over interwebs the register archived from the original on 3 march 2016 retrieved 30 december 2015 what is 1e100 net google inc archived from the original on 9 january 2016 retrieved 30 december 2015 falk quentin falk ben 2005 a code and a cough who wants to be a millionaire 1998 television s strangest moments extraordinary but true tales from the history of television franz steiner verlag pp 245 246 isbn 9781861058744 external links look up googol in wiktionary the free dictionary weisstein eric w googol mathworld googol at planetmath padilla tony symonds ria googol and googolplex numberphile brady haran archived from the original on 2014 03 29 retrieved 2013 04 06 v t e large numbers examples in numerical order thousand ten thousand hundred thousand million ten million hundred million billion trillion quadrillion quintillion sextillion septillion octillion nonillion decillion eddington number googol shannon number googolplex skewes s number moser s number graham s number tree 3 sscg 3 bh 3 rayo s number transfinite numbers expression methods notations scientific notation knuth s up arrow notation conway chained arrow notation steinhaus moser notation operators hyperoperation tetration pentation ackermann function grzegorczyk hierarchy fast growing hierarchy related articles alphabetical order extended real number line indefinite and fictitious numbers infinitesimal largest known prime number list of numbers long and short scales number systems number names orders of magnitude power of two power of three power of 10 sagan unit names history retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title googol oldid 1113271983 categories large integers integers units of amount 1920s neologisms hidden categories wikipedia pending changes protected pages wikipedia pages semi protected against vandalism articles with short description short description matches wikidata all articles that may contain original research articles that may contain original research from april 2022 navigation 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