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sidered equivalent if they share the same complete name a private key can also be used by the creator of the assembly for strong naming the public key token identifies which private key an assembly is signed with only the creator of the key pair typically the person signing the assembly can sign assemblies that have the same strong name as a prior version assembly since the creator possesses the private key strong naming is required to add assemblies to global assembly cache starting with visual studio 2015 net native compilation technology allows for the compilation of net code of universal windows platform apps directly to machine code rather than cil code but the app must be written in either c or visual basic net 17 class library edit main article framework class library net framework includes an implementation of the cli foundational standard libraries the net framework class library fcl is organized in a hierarchy of namespaces most of the built in application programming interfaces apis are part of either system or microsoft namespaces these class libraries implement many common functions such as file reading and writing graphic rendering database interaction and xml document manipulation the class libraries are available for all cli compliant languages the fcl implements the cli base class library bcl and other class libraries some are specified by cli and other are microsoft specific bcl includes a small subset of the entire class library and is the core set of classes that serve as the basic api of clr 18 for net framework most classes considered being part of bcl reside in mscorlib dll system dll and system core dll bcl classes are available in net framework as well as its alternative implementations including net compact framework microsoft silverlight net core and mono fcl refers to the entire class library that ships with net framework it includes an expanded set of libraries including bcl windows forms asp net and windows presentation foundation wpf but also extensions to the base class libraries ado net language integrated query linq windows communication foundation wcf and workflow foundation wf fcl is much larger in scope than standard libraries for languages like c and comparable in scope to standard libraries of java with the introduction of alternative implementations e g silverlight microsoft introduced the concept of portable class libraries pcl allowing a consuming library to run on more than one platform with the further proliferation of net platforms the pcl approach failed to scale pcls are defined intersections of api surface between two or more platforms 19 as the next evolutionary step of pcl the net standard library was created retroactively based on the system runtime dll based apis found in uwp and silverlight new net platforms are encouraged to implement a version of the standard library allowing them to re use extant third party libraries to run without new versions of them the net standard library allows an independent evolution of the library and app model layers within the net architecture 20 nuget is the package manager for all net platforms it is used to retrieve third party libraries into a net project with a global library feed at nuget org 21 private feeds can be maintained separately e g by a build server or a file system directory c cli edit main article c cli microsoft introduced c cli in visual studio 2005 which is a language and means of compiling visual c programs to run within the net framework some parts of the c program still run within an unmanaged visual c runtime while specially modified parts are translated into cil code and run with the net framework s clr assemblies compiled using the c cli compiler are termed mixed mode assemblies since they contain native and managed code in the same dll 22 such assemblies are more complex to reverse engineer since net decompilers such as net reflector reveal only the managed code design principle edit interoperability edit because computer systems commonly require interaction between newer and older applications net framework provides means to access functions implemented in newer and older programs that execute outside net environment access to component object model com components is provided in system runtime interopservices and system enterprise services namespaces of the framework access to other functions is via platform invocation services p invoke access to net functions from native applications is via the reverse p invoke function interoperability enables you to preserve and take advantage of existing investments in unmanaged code code that runs under the control of the common language runtime clr is called managed code and code that runs outside the clr is called unmanaged code language independence edit net framework introduces a common type system cts that defines all possible data types and programming constructs supported by clr and how they may or may not interact conforming to cli specifications because of this feature net framework supports the exchange of types and object instances between libraries and applications written using any conforming net language type safety edit cts and the clr used in net framework also enforce type safety this prevents ill defined casts wrong method invocations and memory size issues when accessing an object this also makes most cli languages statically typed with or without type inference however starting with net framework 4 0 the dynamic language runtime extended the clr allowing dynamically typed languages to be implemented atop the cli portability edit while microsoft has never implemented the full framework on any system except microsoft windows it has engineered the framework to be cross platform 23 and implementations are available for other operating systems see silverlight and alternative implementations microsoft submitted the specifications for cli which includes the core class libraries cts and cil 24 25 26 c 27 and c cli 28 to both ecma international ecma and international organization for standardization iso making them available as official standards this makes it possible for third parties to create compatible implementations of the framework and its languages on other platforms security edit net framework has its own security mechanism with two general features code access security cas and validation and verification cas is based on evidence that is associated with a specific assembly typically the evidence is the source of the assembly whether it is installed on the local machine or has been downloaded from the internet cas uses evidence to determine the permissions granted to the code other codes can demand that calling code be granted a specified permission the demand causes clr to perform a call stack walk every assembly of each method in the call stack is checked for the required permission if any assembly is not granted the permission a security exception is thrown managed cil bytecode is easier to reverse engineer than native code unless obfuscated 29 net decompiler programs enable developers with no reverse engineering skills to view the source code behind unobfuscated net assemblies in contrast apps compiled to native machine code are much harder to reverse engineer and source code is almost never produced successfully mainly because of compiler optimizations and lack of reflection 30 this creates concerns in the business community over the possible loss of trade secrets and the bypassing of license control mechanisms to mitigate this microsoft has included dotfuscator community edition with visual studio net since 2002 b third party obfuscation tools are also available from vendors such as vmware v i labs turbo and red gate software method level encryption tools for net code are available from vendors such as safenet memory management edit clr frees the developer from the burden of managing memory allocating and freeing up when done it handles memory management itself by detecting when memory can be safely freed instantiations of net types objects are allocated from the managed heap a pool of memory managed by clr as long as a reference to an object exists which may be either direct or via a graph of objects the object is considered to be in use when no reference to an object exists and it cannot be reached or used it becomes garbage eligible for collection net framework includes a garbage collector gc which runs periodically on a separate thread from the application s thread that enumerates all the unusable objects and reclaims the memory allocated to them it is a non deterministic compacting mark and sweep garbage collector gc runs only when a set amount of memory has been used or there is enough pressure for memory on the system since it is not guaranteed when the conditions to reclaim memory are reached gc runs are non deterministic each net application has a set of roots which are pointers to objects on the managed heap managed objects these include references to static objects objects defined as local variables or method parameters currently in scope and objects referred to by cpu registers 31 when gc runs it pauses the application and then for each object referred to in the root it recursively enumerates all the objects reachable from the root objects and marks them as reachable it uses cli metadata and reflection to discover the objects encapsulated by an object and then recursively walk them it then enumerates all the objects on the heap which were initially allocated contiguously using reflection all objects not marked as reachable are garbage 31 this is the mark phase 32 since the memory held by garbage is of no consequence it is considered free space however this leaves chunks of free space between objects which were initially contiguous the objects are then compacted together to make free space on the managed heap contiguous again 31 32 any reference to an object invalidated by moving the object is updated by gc to reflect the new location 32 the application is resumed after garbage collection ends the latest version of net framework uses concurrent garbage collection along with user code making pauses unnoticeable because it is done in the background 33 the garbage collector used by net framework is also generational 34 objects are assigned a generation newly created objects are tagged generation 0 objects that survive one garbage collection are tagged generation 1 generation 1 objects that survive another collection are generation 2 the framework uses up to generation 2 objects 34 higher generation objects are garbage collected less often than lower generation objects this raises the efficiency of garbage collection as older objects tend to have longer lifetimes than newer objects 34 by ignoring older objects in most collection runs fewer checks and compaction operations are needed in total 34 performance edit when an application is first launched the net framework compiles the cil code into executable code using its just in time compiler and caches the executable program into the net native image cache 35 36 due to caching the application launches faster for subsequent launches although the first launch is usually slower to speed up the first launch developers may use the native image generator utility to manually ahead of time compile and cache any net application 36 the garbage collector which is integrated into the environment can introduce unanticipated delays of execution over which the developer has little direct control in large applications the number of objects that the garbage collector needs to work with can become very large which means it can take a very long time to visit and rearrange all of them 37 net framework provides support for calling streaming simd extensions sse via managed code from april 2014 in visual studio 2013 update 2 however mono has provided support for simd extensions as of version 2 2 within the mono simd namespace in 2009 38 mono s lead developer miguel de icaza has expressed hope that this simd support will be adopted by clr s ecma standard 39 streaming simd extensions have been available in x86 cpus since the introduction of the pentium iii some other architectures such as arm and mips also have simd extensions in case the cpu lacks support for those extensions the instructions are simulated in software 40 41 alternative implementations edit net framework was the predominant implementation of net technologies until the release of net other implementations for parts of the framework exist although the runtime engine is described by an ecma iso specification other implementations of it may be encumbered by patent issues iso standards may include the disclaimer attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights iso shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights 42 it is harder to develop alternatives to fcl which is not described by an open standard and may be subject to copyright restrictions also parts of fcl have windows specific functions and behavior so implementation on non windows platforms can be problematic some alternative implementations of parts of the framework are listed here net micro framework is a net platform for extremely resource constrained devices it includes a small version of clr and supports development in c though some developers were able to use vb net 43 albeit with an amount of hacking and with limited functionalities and debugging in an emulator or on hardware both using microsoft visual studio it also features a subset of net framework class library about 70 classes with about 420 methods a gui framework loosely based on wpf and additional libraries specific to embedded applications mono is an implementation of cli and fcl and provides added functions it is licensed as free software under the mit license it includes support for asp net ado net and windows forms libraries for a wide range of architectures and operating systems it also includes c and vb net compilers portable net part of dotgnu provides an implementation of cli parts of fcl and a c compiler it supports a variety of cpus and operating systems the project was discontinued with the last stable release in 2009 microsoft shared source common language infrastructure is a non free implementation of clr however the last version runs on windows xp sp2 only and has not been updated since 2006 thus it does not contain all features of version 2 0 of net framework crossnet 44 is an implementation of cli and parts of fcl it is free software using an open source mit license licensing edit microsoft managed code frameworks and their components are licensed as follows component license net framework redistributable package proprietary software 45 reference source code of net framework 4 5 and earlier microsoft reference license ms rsl a 9 46 reference source code of net framework 4 6 mit license 47 mono mit license 48 ne...