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32 bit computing wikipedia 979 captures 24 dec 2003 22 sep 2026 sep oct nov 03 2021 2022 2023 success fail about this capture timestamps the wayback machine http web archive org web 20221003131622 https en wikipedia org wiki 32 bit 32 bit computing from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from 32 bit jump to navigation jump to search computer architecture bit width this article needs additional citations for verification please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources 32 bit computing news newspapers books scholar jstor october 2009 learn how and when to remove this template message computer architecture bit widths bit 1 2 4 8 12 16 18 20 24 26 28 30 31 32 36 40 45 48 60 64 128 256 512 bit slicing application 8 16 32 64 binary floating point precision 16 ½ 24 32 1 40 64 2 80 128 4 256 8 decimal floating point precision 32 64 128 v t e in computer architecture 32 bit integers memory addresses or other data units are those that are 32 bits 4 octets wide also 32 bit central processing unit cpu and arithmetic logic unit alu architectures are those that are based on registers address buses or data buses of that size 32 bit microcomputers are microcomputers that use 32 bit microprocessors contents 1 range for storing integers 2 technical history 3 architectures 4 applications 5 images 6 file formats 7 see also 8 references 9 external links range for storing integers edit a 32 bit register can store 2 32 different values the range of integer values that can be stored in 32 bits depends on the integer representation used with the two most common representations the range is 0 through 4 294 967 295 2 32 1 for representation as an unsigned binary number and 2 147 483 648 2 31 through 2 147 483 647 2 31 1 for representation as two s complement one important consequence is that a processor with 32 bit memory addresses can directly access at most 4 gib of byte addressable memory though in practice the limit may be lower technical history edit the world s first stored program electronic computer the manchester baby used a 32 bit architecture in 1948 although it was only a proof of concept and had little practical capacity it held only 32 32 bit words of ram on a williams tube and had no addition operation only subtraction memory as well as other digital circuits and wiring was expensive during the first decades of 32 bit architectures the 1960s to the 1980s 1 older 32 bit processor families or simpler cheaper variants thereof could therefore have many compromises and limitations in order to cut costs this could be a 16 bit alu for instance or external or internal buses narrower than 32 bits limiting memory size or demanding more cycles for instruction fetch execution or write back despite this such processors could be labeled 32 bit since they still had 32 bit registers and instructions able to manipulate 32 bit quantities for example the ibm system 360 model 30 had an 8 bit alu 8 bit internal data paths and an 8 bit path to memory 2 and the original motorola 68000 had a 16 bit data alu and a 16 bit external data bus but had 32 bit registers and a 32 bit oriented instruction set the 68000 design was sometimes referred to as 16 32 bit 3 however the opposite is often true for newer 32 bit designs for example the pentium pro processor is a 32 bit machine with 32 bit registers and instructions that manipulate 32 bit quantities but the external address bus is 36 bits wide giving a larger address space than 4 gb and the external data bus is 64 bits wide primarily in order to permit a more efficient prefetch of instructions and data 4 architectures edit prominent 32 bit instruction set architectures used in general purpose computing include the ibm system 360 and ibm system 370 which had 24 bit addressing and the system 370 xa esa 370 and esa 390 which had 31 bit addressing the dec vax the ns320xx the motorola 68000 family the first two models of which had 24 bit addressing the intel ia 32 32 bit version of the x86 architecture and the 32 bit versions of the arm 5 sparc mips powerpc and pa risc architectures 32 bit instruction set architectures used for embedded computing include the 68000 family and coldfire x86 arm mips powerpc and infineon tricore architectures applications edit on the x86 architecture a 32 bit application normally means software that typically not necessarily uses the 32 bit linear address space or flat memory model possible with the 80386 and later chips in this context the term came about because dos microsoft windows and os 2 6 were originally written for the 8088 8086 or 80286 16 bit microprocessors with a segmented address space where programs had to switch between segments to reach more than 64 kilobytes of code or data as this is quite time consuming in comparison to other machine operations the performance may suffer furthermore programming with segments tend to become complicated special far and near keywords or memory models had to be used with care not only in assembly language but also in high level languages such as pascal compiled basic fortran c etc the 80386 and its successors fully support the 16 bit segments of the 80286 but also segments for 32 bit address offsets using the new 32 bit width of the main registers if the base address of all 32 bit segments is set to 0 and segment registers are not used explicitly the segmentation can be forgotten and the processor appears as having a simple linear 32 bit address space operating systems like windows or os 2 provide the possibility to run 16 bit segmented programs as well as 32 bit programs the former possibility exists for backward compatibility and the latter is usually meant to be used for new software development images edit in digital images pictures 32 bit usually refers to rgba color space that is 24 bit truecolor images with an additional 8 bit alpha channel other image formats also specify 32 bits per pixel such as rgbe in digital images 32 bit sometimes refers to high dynamic range imaging hdr formats that use 32 bits per channel a total of 96 bits per pixel 32 bit per channel images are used to represent values brighter than what srgb color space allows brighter than white these values can then be used to more accurately retain bright highlights when either lowering the exposure of the image or when it is seen through a dark filter or dull reflection for example a reflection in an oil slick is only a fraction of that seen in a mirror surface hdr imagery allows for the reflection of highlights that can still be seen as bright white areas instead of dull grey shapes file formats edit a 32 bit file format is a binary file format for which each elementary information is defined on 32 bits or 4 bytes an example of such a format is the enhanced metafile format see also edit 64 bit computing history of video games 32 bit era word data type physical address extension pae references edit patterson david ditzel david 2000 readings in computer architecture san diego academic press p 136 isbn 9781558605398 ibm system 360 model 30 functional characteristics pdf ibm august 1971 pp 8 9 ga24 3231 7 motorola 68000 family programmer s reference manual pdf 1992 p 1 1 retrieved 18 january 2022 gwennap linley 16 february 1995 intel s p6 uses decoupled superscalar design pdf microprocessor report retrieved 3 december 2012 arm architecture overview pdf there were also variants of unix for the 80286 external links edit how stuff works how bits and bytes work ken colburn on lockergnome com 32 bit vs 64 bit windows archived from the original on 2016 03 30 v t e processor technologies models abstract machine stored program computer finite state machine with datapath hierarchical deterministic finite automaton queue automaton cellular automaton quantum cellular automaton turing machine alternating turing machine universal post turing quantum nondeterministic turing machine probabilistic turing machine hypercomputation zeno machine belt machine stack machine register machines counter pointer random access random access stored program architecture microarchitecture von neumann harvard modified dataflow transport triggered cellular endianness memory access numa huma load store register memory cache hierarchy memory hierarchy virtual memory secondary storage heterogeneous fabric multiprocessing cognitive neuromorphic instruction set architectures types orthogonal instruction set cisc risc application specific edge trips vliw epic misc oisc nisc zisc visc architecture quantum computing comparison addressing modes instruction sets motorola 68000 series vax pdp 11 x86 arm stanford mips mips mips x power power powerpc power isa clipper architecture sparc superh dec alpha etrax cris m32r unicore itanium openrisc risc v microblaze lmc system 3x0 s 360 s 370 s 390 z architecture tilera isa visc architecture epiphany architecture others execution instruction pipelining pipeline stall operand forwarding classic risc pipeline hazards data dependency structural control false sharing out of order scoreboarding tomasulo algorithm reservation station re order buffer register renaming wide issue speculative branch prediction memory dependence prediction parallelism level bit bit serial word instruction pipelining scalar superscalar task thread process data vector memory distributed multithreading temporal simultaneous hyperthreading speculative preemptive cooperative flynn s taxonomy sisd simd array processing simt pipelined processing associative processing swar misd mimd spmd processor performance transistor count instructions per cycle ipc cycles per instruction cpi instructions per second ips floating point operations per second flops transactions per second tps synaptic updates per second sups performance per watt ppw cache performance metrics computer performance by orders of magnitude types central processing unit cpu graphics processing unit gpu gpgpu vector barrel stream tile processor coprocessor pal asic fpga fpoa cpld multi chip module mcm system in a package sip package on a package pop by application embedded system microprocessor microcontroller mobile notebook ultra low voltage asip soft microprocessor systems on chip system on a chip soc multiprocessor mpsoc programmable psoc network on a chip noc hardware accelerators coprocessor ai accelerator graphics processing unit gpu image processor vision processing unit vpu physics processing unit ppu digital signal processor dsp tensor processing unit tpu secure cryptoprocessor network processor baseband processor word size 1 bit 4 bit 8 bit 12 bit 15 bit 16 bit 24 bit 32 bit 48 bit 64 bit 128 bit 256 bit 512 bit bit slicing others variable core count single core multi core manycore heterogeneous architecture components core cache cpu cache scratchpad memory data cache instruction cache replacement policies coherence bus clock rate clock signal fifo functional units arithmetic logic unit alu address generation unit agu floating point unit fpu memory management unit mmu load store unit translation lookaside buffer tlb branch predictor branch target predictor integrated memory controller imc memory management unit instruction decoder logic combinational sequential glue logic gate quantum array registers processor register status register stack register register file memory buffer memory address register program counter control unit hardwired control unit instruction unit data buffer write buffer microcode rom horizontal microcode counter datapath multiplexer demultiplexer adder multiplier cpu binary decoder address decoder sum addressed decoder barrel shifter circuitry integrated circuit 3d mixed signal power management boolean digital analog quantum switch power management pmu apm acpi dynamic frequency scaling dynamic voltage scaling clock gating performance per watt ppw related history of general purpose cpus microprocessor chronology processor design digital electronics hardware security module semiconductor device fabrication tick tock model pin grid array chip carrier retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 32 bit_computing oldid 1112211945 categories data unit hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles needing additional references from october 2009 all articles needing additional references ac with 0 elements navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk english views read edit view history more search navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file tools what links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page information cite this page wikidata item print export download as pdf printable version languages العربية català čeština deutsch eesti español فارسی français 한국어 bahasa indonesia 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