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Text of the page (random words):
1 elements in the document will then automatically become red without requiring any explicit code if the author later wanted to make h1 elements blue instead this could be done by changing the style element to style h1 color blue style rather than by laboriously going through the document and changing the color for each individual h1 element the styles can also be placed in an external css file as described below and loaded using syntax similar to link href path to file css rel stylesheet type text css this further decouples the styling from the html document and makes it possible to restyle multiple documents by simply editing a shared external css file sources edit css information can be provided from various sources these sources can be the web browser the user and the author the information from the author can be further classified into inline media type importance selector specificity rule order inheritance and property definition css style information can be in a separate document or it can be embedded into an html document multiple style sheets can be imported different styles can be applied depending on the output device being used for example the screen version can be quite different from the printed version so that authors can tailor the presentation appropriately for each medium the style sheet with the highest priority controls the content display declarations not set in the highest priority source are passed on to a source of lower priority such as the user agent style the process is called cascading one of the goals of css is to allow users greater control over presentation someone who finds red italic headings difficult to read may apply a different style sheet depending on the browser and the web site a user may choose from various style sheets provided by the designers or may remove all added styles and view the site using the browser s default styling or may override just the red italic heading style without altering other attributes css priority scheme highest to lowest priority css source type description 1 importance the important annotation overwrites the previous priority types 2 inline a style applied to an html element via html style attribute 3 media type a property definition applies to all media types unless a media specific css is defined 4 user defined most browsers have the accessibility feature a user defined css 5 selector specificity a specific contextual selector heading p overwrites generic definition 6 rule order last rule declaration has a higher priority 7 parent inheritance if a property is not specified it is inherited from a parent element 8 css property definition in html document css rule or css inline style overwrites a default browser value 9 browser default the lowest priority browser default value is determined by w3c initial value specifications specificity edit specificity refers to the relative weights of various rules 16 it determines which styles apply to an element when more than one rule could apply based on specification a simple selector e g h1 has a specificity of 1 class selectors have a specificity of 1 0 and id selectors a specificity of 1 0 0 because the specificity values do not carry over as in the decimal system commas are used to separate the digits 17 a css rule having 11 elements and 11 classes would have a specificity of 11 11 not 121 thus the following rules selectors result in the indicated specificity selectors specificity h1 color white 0 0 0 1 p em color green 0 0 0 2 grape color red 0 0 1 0 p bright color blue 0 0 1 1 p bright em dark color yellow 0 0 2 2 id218 color brown 0 1 0 0 style 1 0 0 0 examples edit consider this html fragment doctype html html head meta charset utf 8 style xyz color blue style head body p id xyz style color green to demonstrate specificity p body html in the above example the declaration in the style attribute overrides the one in the style element because it has a higher specificity and thus the paragraph appears green to demonstrate specificity inheritance edit inheritance is a key feature in css it relies on the ancestor descendant relationship to operate inheritance is the mechanism by which properties are applied not only to a specified element but also to its descendants 16 inheritance relies on the document tree which is the hierarchy of xhtml elements in a page based on nesting descendant elements may inherit css property values from any ancestor element enclosing them in general descendant elements inherit text related properties but their box related properties are not inherited properties that can be inherited are color font letter spacing line height list style text align text indent text transform visibility white space and word spacing properties that cannot be inherited are background border display float and clear height and width margin min and max height and width outline overflow padding position text decoration vertical align and z index inheritance can be used to avoid declaring certain properties over and over again in a style sheet allowing for shorter css inheritance in css is not the same as inheritance in class based programming languages where it is possible to define class b as like class a but with modifications 18 with css it is possible to style an element with class a but with modifications however it is not possible to define a css class b like that which could then be used to style multiple elements without having to repeat the modifications example edit given the following style sheet p color pink suppose there is a p element with an emphasizing element em inside p this is to em illustrate em inheritance p if no color is assigned to the em element the emphasized word illustrate inherits the color of the parent element p the style sheet p has the color pink hence the em element is likewise pink this is to illustrate inheritance whitespace edit whitespace between properties and selectors is ignored this code snippet body overflow hidden background 000000 background image url images bg gif background repeat no repeat background position left top is functionally equivalent to this one body overflow hidden background color 000000 background image url images bg gif background repeat no repeat background position left top one common way to format css for readability is to indent each property and give it its own line in addition to formatting css for readability shorthand properties can be used to write out the code faster which also gets processed more quickly when being rendered 19 body overflow hidden background 000 url images bg gif no repeat left top sometimes multiple property values are indented onto their own line font face font family comic sans font size 20px src url first example com url second example com url third example com url fourth example com positioning edit css 2 1 defines three positioning schemes normal flow inline items are laid out in the same way as the letters in words in text one after the other across the available space until there is no more room then starting a new line below block items stack vertically like paragraphs and like the items in a bulleted list normal flow also includes relative positioning of block or inline items and run in boxes floats a floated item is taken out of the normal flow and shifted to the left or right as far as possible in the space available other content then flows alongside the floated item absolute positioning an absolutely positioned item has no place in and no effect on the normal flow of other items it occupies its assigned position in its container independently of other items 20 position property edit there are five possible values of the position property if an item is positioned in any way other than static then the further properties top bottom left and right are used to specify offsets and positions the element having position static is not affected by the top bottom left or right properties static the default value places the item in the normal flow relative the item is placed in the normal flow and then shifted or offset from that position subsequent flow items are laid out as if the item had not been moved absolute specifies absolute positioning the element is positioned in relation to its nearest non static ancestor fixed the item is absolutely positioned in a fixed position on the screen even as the rest of the document is scrolled 20 float and clear edit the float property may have one of three values absolutely positioned or fixed items cannot be floated other elements normally flow around floated items unless they are prevented from doing so by their clear property left the item floats to the left of the line that it would have appeared in other items may flow around its right side right the item floats to the right of the line that it would have appeared in other items may flow around its left side clear forces the element to appear underneath clear floated elements to the left clear left right clear right or both sides clear both 20 21 history edit håkon wium lie chief technical officer of the opera software company and co creator of the css web standards css was first proposed by håkon wium lie on 10 october 1994 22 at the time lie was working with tim berners lee at cern 23 several other style sheet languages for the web were proposed around the same time and discussions on public mailing lists and inside world wide web consortium resulted in the first w3c css recommendation css1 24 being released in 1996 in particular a proposal by bert bos was influential he became co author of css1 and is regarded as co creator of css 25 style sheets have existed in one form or another since the beginnings of standard generalized markup language sgml in the 1980s and css was developed to provide style sheets for the web 26 one requirement for a web style sheet language was for style sheets to come from different sources on the web therefore existing style sheet languages like dsssl and fosi were not suitable css on the other hand let a document s style be influenced by multiple style sheets by way of cascading styles 26 as html grew it came to encompass a wider variety of stylistic capabilities to meet the demands of web developers this evolution gave the designer more control over site appearance at the cost of more complex html variations in web browser implementations such as violawww and worldwideweb 27 made consistent site appearance difficult and users had less control over how web content was displayed the browser editor developed by tim berners lee had style sheets that were hard coded into the program the style sheets could therefore not be linked to documents on the web 23 robert cailliau also of cern wanted to separate the structure from the presentation so that different style sheets could describe different presentation for printing screen based presentations and editors 27 improving web presentation capabilities was a topic of interest to many in the web community and nine different style sheet languages were proposed on the www style mailing list 26 of these nine proposals two were especially influential on what became css cascading html style sheets 22 and stream based style sheet proposal ssp 25 28 two browsers served as testbeds for the initial proposals lie worked with yves lafon to implement css in dave raggett s arena browser 29 30 31 bert bos implemented his own ssp proposal in the argo browser 25 thereafter lie and bos worked together to develop the css standard the h was removed from the name because these style sheets could also be applied to other markup languages besides html 23 lie s proposal was presented at the mosaic and the web conference later called www2 in chicago illinois in 1994 and again with bert bos in 1995 23 around this time the w3c was already being established and took an interest in the development of css it organized a workshop toward that end chaired by steven pemberton this resulted in w3c adding work on css to the deliverables of the html editorial review board erb lie and bos were the primary technical staff on this aspect of the project with additional members including thomas reardon of microsoft participating as well in august 1996 netscape communication corporation presented an alternative style sheet language called javascript style sheets jsss 23 the spec was never finished and is deprecated 32 by the end of 1996 css was ready to become official and the css level 1 recommendation was published in december development of html css and the dom had all been taking place in one group the html editorial review board erb early in 1997 the erb was split into three working groups html working group chaired by dan connolly of w3c dom working group chaired by lauren wood of softquad and css working group chaired by chris lilley of w3c the css working group began tackling issues that had not been addressed with css level 1 resulting in the creation of css level 2 on november 4 1997 it was published as a w3c recommendation on may 12 1998 css level 3 which was started in 1998 is still under development as of 2014 in 2005 the css working groups decided to enforce the requirements for standards more strictly this meant that already published standards like css 2 1 css 3 selectors and css 3 text were pulled back from candidate recommendation to working draft level difficulty with adoption edit this section needs to be updated please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information january 2019 the css 1 specification was completed in 1996 microsoft s internet explorer 3 23 was released in that year featuring some limited support for css ie 4 and netscape 4 x added more support but it was typically incomplete and had many bugs that prevented css from being usefully adopted it was more than three years before any web browser achieved near full implementation of the specification internet explorer 5 0 for the macintosh shipped in march 2000 was the first browser to have full better than 99 percent css 1 support 33 surpassing opera which had been the leader since its introduction of css support fifteen months earlier other browsers followed soon afterward and many of them additionally implemented parts of css 2 citation needed however even when later version 5 web browsers began to offer a fairly full implementation of css they were still incorrect in certain areas and were fraught with inconsistencies bugs and other quirks microsoft internet explorer 5 x for windows as opposed to the very different ie for macintosh had a flawed implementation of the css box model as compared with the css standards such inconsistencies and variation in feature support made it difficult for designers to achieve a consistent appearance across browsers and platforms without the use of workarounds termed css hacks and filters the ie windows box model bugs were so serious that when internet explorer 6 was released microsoft introduced a backwards compatible mode of css...