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selected at load time in mac os x 10 6 the universal binary format is also used for the kernel and for those kernel extensions that support both 32 bit and 64 bit kernels solaris edit see also illumos solaris 10 and later releases support the x86 64 architecture for solaris 10 just as with the sparc architecture there is only one operating system image which contains a 32 bit kernel and a 64 bit kernel this is labeled as the x64 x86 dvd rom image the default behavior is to boot a 64 bit kernel allowing both 64 bit and existing or new 32 bit executables to be run a 32 bit kernel can also be manually selected in which case only 32 bit executables will run the isainfo command can be used to determine if a system is running a 64 bit kernel for solaris 11 only the 64 bit kernel is provided however the 64 bit kernel supports both 32 and 64 bit executables libraries and system calls windows edit x64 editions of microsoft windows client and server windows xp professional x64 edition and windows server 2003 x64 edition were released in march 2005 95 internally they are actually the same build 5 2 3790 1830 sp1 96 97 as they share the same source base and operating system binaries so even system updates are released in unified packages much in the manner as windows 2000 professional and server editions for x86 windows vista which also has many different editions was released in january 2007 windows 7 was released in july 2009 windows server 2008 r2 was sold in only x64 and itanium editions later versions of windows server only offer an x64 edition versions of windows for x64 prior to windows 8 1 and windows server 2012 r2 offer the following 8 tb of virtual address space per process accessible from both user mode and kernel mode referred to as the user mode address space an x64 program can use all of this subject to backing store limits on the system and provided it is linked with the large address aware option which is present by default 98 this is a 4096 fold increase over the default 2 gb user mode virtual address space offered by 32 bit windows 99 100 8 tb of kernel mode virtual address space for the operating system 99 as with the user mode address space this is a 4096 fold increase over 32 bit windows versions the increased space primarily benefits the file system cache and kernel mode heaps non paged pool and paged pool windows only uses a total of 16 tb out of the 256 tb implemented by the processors because early amd64 processors lacked a cmpxchg16b instruction 101 under windows 8 1 and windows server 2012 r2 both user mode and kernel mode virtual address spaces have been extended to 128 tb 22 these versions of windows will not install on processors that lack the cmpxchg16b instruction the following additional characteristics apply to all x64 versions of windows ability to run existing 32 bit applications exe programs and dynamic link libraries dll s using wow64 if wow64 is supported on that version furthermore a 32 bit program if it was linked with the large address aware option 98 can use up to 4 gb of virtual address space in 64 bit windows instead of the default 2 gb optional 3 gb with 3gb boot option and large address aware link option offered by 32 bit windows 102 unlike the use of the 3gb boot option on x86 this does not reduce the kernel mode virtual address space available to the operating system 32 bit applications can therefore benefit from running on x64 windows even if they are not recompiled for x86 64 both 32 and 64 bit applications if not linked with large address aware are limited to 2 gb of virtual address space ability to use up to 128 gb windows xp vista 192 gb windows 7 512 gb windows 8 1 tb windows server 2003 2 tb windows server 2008 windows 10 4 tb windows server 2012 or 24 tb windows server 2016 2019 of physical random access memory ram 103 llp64 data model int and long types are 32 bits wide long long is 64 bits while pointers and types derived from pointers are 64 bits wide kernel mode device drivers must be 64 bit versions there is no way to run 32 bit kernel mode executables within the 64 bit operating system user mode device drivers can be either 32 bit or 64 bit 16 bit windows win16 and dos applications will not run on x86 64 versions of windows due to the removal of the virtual dos machine subsystem ntvdm which relied upon the ability to use virtual 8086 mode virtual 8086 mode cannot be entered while running in long mode full implementation of the nx no execute page protection feature this is also implemented on recent 32 bit versions of windows when they are started in pae mode instead of fs segment descriptor on x86 versions of the windows nt family gs segment descriptor is used to point to two operating system defined structures thread information block nt_tib in user mode and processor control region kpcr in kernel mode thus for example in user mode gs 0 is the address of the first member of the thread information block maintaining this convention made the x86 64 port easier but required amd to retain the function of the fs and gs segments in long mode even though segmented addressing per se is not really used by any modern operating system 99 early reports claimed that the operating system scheduler would not save and restore the x87 fpu machine state across thread context switches observed behavior shows that this is not the case the x87 state is saved and restored except for kernel mode only threads a limitation that exists in the 32 bit version as well the most recent documentation available from microsoft states that the x87 mmx 3dnow instructions may be used in long mode but that they are deprecated and may cause compatibility problems in the future 102 some components like jet database engine and data access objects will not be ported to 64 bit architectures such as x86 64 and ia 64 104 105 106 microsoft visual studio can compile native applications to target either the x86 64 architecture which can run only on 64 bit microsoft windows or the ia 32 architecture which can run as a 32 bit application on 32 bit microsoft windows or 64 bit microsoft windows in wow64 emulation mode managed applications can be compiled either in ia 32 x86 64 or anycpu modes software created in the first two modes behave like their ia 32 or x86 64 native code counterparts respectively when using the anycpu mode however applications in 32 bit versions of microsoft windows run as 32 bit applications while they run as a 64 bit application in 64 bit editions of microsoft windows video game consoles edit both the playstation 4 and xbox one and all variants of those consoles incorporate amd x86 64 processors based on the jaguar microarchitecture 107 108 firmware and games are written in x86 64 code no legacy x86 code is involved their next generations the playstation 5 and the xbox series x and series s respectively also incorporate amd x86 64 processors based on the zen 2 microarchitecture 109 110 although considered a pc the steam deck uses a custom amd x86 64 accelerated processing unit apu based on the zen 2 microarchitecture 111 industry naming conventions edit since amd64 and intel 64 are substantially similar many software and hardware products use one vendor neutral term to indicate their compatibility with both implementations amd s original designation for this processor architecture x86 64 is still sometimes used for this purpose 2 as is the variant x86_64 3 4 other companies such as microsoft 6 and sun microsystems oracle corporation 5 use the contraction x64 in marketing material the term ia 64 refers to the itanium processor and should not be confused with x86 64 as it is a completely different instruction set many operating systems and products especially those that introduced x86 64 support prior to intel s entry into the market use the term amd64 or amd64 to refer to both amd64 and intel 64 amd64 most bsd systems such as freebsd midnightbsd netbsd and openbsd refer to both amd64 and intel 64 under the architecture name amd64 some linux distributions such as debian ubuntu gentoo linux refer to both amd64 and intel 64 under the architecture name amd64 microsoft windows s x64 versions use the amd64 moniker internally to designate various components which use or are compatible with this architecture for example the environment variable processor_architecture is assigned the value amd64 as opposed to x86 in 32 bit versions and the system directory on a windows x64 edition installation cd rom is named amd64 in contrast to i386 in 32 bit versions 112 sun s solaris s isalist command identifies both amd64 and intel 64 based systems as amd64 java development kit jdk the name amd64 is used in directory names containing x86 64 files x86_64 the linux kernel 113 and the gnu compiler collection refers to 64 bit architecture as x86_64 some linux distributions such as fedora opensuse arch linux gentoo linux refer to this 64 bit architecture as x86_64 apple macos refers to 64 bit architecture as x86 64 or x86_64 as seen in the terminal command arch 3 and in their developer documentation 2 4 breaking with most other bsd systems dragonfly bsd refers to 64 bit architecture as x86_64 haiku refers to 64 bit architecture as x86_64 licensing edit x86 64 amd64 was solely developed by amd amd holds patents on techniques used in amd64 114 115 116 those patents must be licensed from amd in order to implement amd64 intel entered into a cross licensing agreement with amd licensing to amd their patents on existing x86 techniques and licensing from amd their patents on techniques used in x86 64 117 in 2009 amd and intel settled several lawsuits and cross licensing disagreements extending their cross licensing agreements 118 119 120 see also edit amd generic encapsulated software architecture agesa ia 32 x86 transient execution cpu vulnerability notes edit various names are used for the instruction set prior to the launch x86 64 and x86_64 were used while upon the release amd named it amd64 1 intel initially used the names ia 32e and em64t before finally settling on intel 64 for its implementation some in the industry including apple 2 3 4 use x86 64 and x86_64 while others notably sun microsystems 5 now oracle corporation and microsoft 6 use x64 the bsd family of oss and several linux distributions 7 8 use amd64 as does microsoft windows internally 9 10 in practice 64 bit operating systems generally do not support 16 bit applications although modern versions of microsoft windows contain a limited workaround that effectively supports 16 bit installshield and microsoft acme installers by silently substituting them with 32 bit code 12 the register reported that the stepping g1 0f49h of pentium 4 will sample on october 17 and ship in volume on november 14 59 however intel s document says that samples are available on september 9 whereas october 17 is the date of first availability of post conversion material which intel defines as the projected date that a customer may expect to receive the post conversion materials customers should be prepared to receive the post converted materials on this date 60 references edit debian amd64 faq debian wiki archived from the original on september 26 2019 retrieved may 3 2012 a b c x86 64 code model apple archived from the original on june 2 2012 retrieved november 23 2012 a b c arch 1 darwin and macos general commands manual a b c kevin van vechten august 9 2006 re intel xnu bug report darwin dev mailing list apple computer archived from the original on february 1 2020 retrieved october 5 2006 the kernel and developer tools have standardized on x86_64 for the name of the mach o architecture a b solaris 10 on amd opteron oracle archived from the original on july 25 2017 retrieved december 9 2010 a b microsoft 64 bit computing microsoft archived from the original on december 12 2010 retrieved december 9 2010 amd64 port debian archived from the original on september 26 2019 retrieved november 23 2012 gentoo amd64 project gentoo project archived from the original on june 3 2013 retrieved may 27 2013 wow64 implementation details archived from the original on april 13 2018 retrieved january 24 2016 processorarchitecture class archived from the original on june 3 2017 retrieved january 24 2016 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u amd corporation december 2016 volume 2 system programming pdf amd64 architecture programmer s manual amd corporation archived pdf from the original on july 13 2018 retrieved march 25 2017 raymond chen october 31 2013 if there is no 16 bit emulation layer in 64 bit windows how come certain 16 bit installers are allowed to run archived from the original on july 14 2021 retrieved july 14 2021 ibm corporation september 6 2007 ibm websphere application server 64 bit performance demystified pdf p 14 archived pdf from the original on january 25 2022 retrieved april 9 2010 figures 5 6 and 7 also show the 32 bit version of was runs applications at full native hardware performance on the power and x86 64 platforms unlike some 64 bit processor architectures the power and x86 64 hardware does not emulate 32 bit mode therefore applications that do not benefit from 64 bit features can run with full performance on the 32 bit version of websphere running on the above mentioned 64 bit platforms amd discloses new technologies at microporcessor forum press release amd october 5 1999 archived from the original on march 8 2012 retrieved november 9 2010 amd releases x86 64 architectural specification enables market driven migration to 64 bit computing press release amd august 10 2000 archived from the original on march 8 2012 retrieved november 9 2010 mauerer w 2010 professional linux kernel architecture john wiley sons intel 64 and ia 32 architectures software developer s manual volume 3a system programming guide part 1 pdf pp 4 7 archived pdf from the original on may 16 2011 retrieved july 10 2019 a b bios and kernel developer s guide bkdg for amd family 10h processors pdf p 24 archived pdf from the original on april 18 2016 retrieved february 27 2016 physical address space increased to 48 bits myth and facts about 64 bit linux pdf march 2 2008 p 7 archived from the original pdf on october 10 2010 retrieved may 30 2010 physical address space increased to 48 bits shanley tom 1998 pentium pro and pentium ii system architecture pc system architecture series second ed addison wesley p 445 isbn 0 201 30973 4 microsoft corporation what is pae nx and sse2 and why does my pc need to support them to run windows 8 archived from the original on april 11 2013 retrieved march 19 2013 a b c d memory limits for windows releases msdn microsoft november 16 2013 archived from the original on january 6 2014 retrieved january 20 2014 5 level paging and 5 level ept pdf intel may 2017 archived pdf from the original on december 5 2018 retrieved june 17 2017 us patent 9858198 larry seiler 64kb page system that supports 4kb page operation published 2016 12 29 issued 2018 01 02 assigned to intel corp op...