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plain text wikipedia 1 105 captures 15 apr 2004 29 sep 2026 aug sep oct 26 2021 2022 2023 success fail about this capture timestamps the wayback machine http web archive org web 20220926034141 https en wikipedia org wiki plain_text plain text from wikipedia the free encyclopedia jump to navigation jump to search term for computer data consisting only of unformatted characters of readable material for the cryptography meaning see plaintext for other uses see text disambiguation this article needs additional citations for verification please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources plain text news newspapers books scholar jstor august 2012 learn how and when to remove this template message text file with portion of the human side of animals by royal dixon displayed by the command cat in an xterm window in computing plain text is a loose term for data e g file contents that represent only characters of readable material but not its graphical representation nor other objects floating point numbers images etc it may also include a limited number of whitespace characters that affect simple arrangement of text such as spaces line breaks or tabulation characters although tab characters can mean many different things so are hardly plain plain text is different from formatted text where style information is included from structured text where structural parts of the document such as paragraphs sections and the like are identified and from binary files in which some portions must be interpreted as binary objects encoded integers real numbers images etc the term is sometimes used quite loosely to mean files that contain only readable content or just files with nothing that the speaker doesn t prefer for example that could exclude any indication of fonts or layout such as markup markdown or even tabs characters such as curly quotes non breaking spaces soft hyphens em dashes and or ligatures or other things in principle plain text can be in any encoding but occasionally the term is taken to imply ascii as unicode based encodings such as utf 8 and utf 16 become more common that usage may be shrinking plain text is also sometimes used only to exclude binary files those in which at least some parts of the file cannot be correctly interpreted via the character encoding in effect for example a file or string consisting of hello in whatever encoding following by 4 bytes that express a binary integer that is not just a character s is a binary file not plain text by even the loosest common usages put another way translating a plain text file to a character encoding that uses entirely different numbers to represent characters does not change the meaning so long as you know what encoding is in use but for binary files such a conversion does change the meaning of at least some parts of the file contents 1 plain text and rich text 2 usage 3 encoding 3 1 character encodings 3 2 control codes 4 see also 5 references plain text and rich text edit according to the unicode standard plain text is a pure sequence of character codes plain un encoded text is therefore a sequence of unicode character codes in contrast styled text also known as rich text is any text representation containing plain text plus added information such as a language identifier font size color hypertext links and so on sgml rtf html xml and tex are examples of rich text fully represented as plain text streams interspersing plain text data with sequences of characters that represent the additional data structures 1 according to other definitions however files that contain markup or other meta data are generally considered plain text so long as the markup is also in directly human readable form as in html xml and so on thus representations such as sgml rtf html xml wiki markup and tex as well as nearly all programming language source code files are considered plain text the particular content is irrelevant to whether a file is plain text for example an svg file can express drawings or even bitmapped graphics but is still plain text the use of plain text rather than binary files enables files to survive much better in the wild in part by making them largely immune to computer architecture incompatibilities for example all the problems of endianness can be avoided with encodings such as ucs 2 rather than utf 8 endianness matters but uniformly for every character rather than for potentially unknown subsets of it usage edit the purpose of using plain text today is primarily independence from programs that require their very own special encoding or formatting or file format plain text files can be opened read and edited with ubiquitous text editors and utilities a command line interface allows people to give commands in plain text and get a response also typically in plain text many other computer programs are also capable of processing or creating plain text such as countless programs in dos windows classic mac os and unix and its kin as well as web browsers a few browsers such as lynx and the line mode browser produce only plain text for display and other e text readers plain text files are almost universal in programming a source code file containing instructions in a programming language is almost always a plain text file plain text is also commonly used for configuration files which are read for saved settings at the startup of a program plain text is used for much e mail a comment a txt file or a txt record generally contains only plain text without formatting intended for humans to read the best format for storing knowledge persistently is plain text rather than some binary format 2 encoding edit character encodings edit main article character encoding before the early 1960s computers were mainly used for number crunching rather than for text and memory was extremely expensive computers often allocated only 6 bits for each character permitting only 64 characters assigning codes for a z a z and 0 9 would leave only 2 codes nowhere near enough most computers opted not to support lower case letters thus early text projects such as roberto busa s index thomisticus the brown corpus and others had to resort to conventions such as keying an asterisk preceding letters actually intended to be upper case fred brooks of ibm argued strongly for going to 8 bit bytes because someday people might want to process text and won although ibm used ebcdic most text from then on came to be encoded in ascii using values from 0 to 31 for non printing control characters and values from 32 to 127 for graphic characters such as letters digits and punctuation most machines stored characters in 8 bits rather than 7 ignoring the remaining bit or using it as a checksum the near ubiquity of ascii was a great help but failed to address international and linguistic concerns the dollar sign was not as useful in england and the accented characters used in spanish french german portuguese and many other languages were entirely unavailable in ascii not to mention characters used in greek russian and most eastern languages many individuals companies and countries defined extra characters as needed often reassigning control characters or using values in the range from 128 to 255 using values above 128 conflicts with using the 8th bit as a checksum but the checksum usage gradually died out these additional characters were encoded differently in different countries making texts impossible to decode without figuring out the originator s rules for instance a browser might display a rather than if it tried to interpret one character set as another the international organization for standardization iso eventually developed several code pages under iso 8859 to accommodate various languages the first of these iso 8859 1 is also known as latin 1 and covers the needs of most not all european languages that use latin based characters there was not quite enough room to cover them all iso 2022 then provided conventions for switching between different character sets in mid file many other organisations developed variations on these and for many years windows and macintosh computers used incompatible variations the text encoding situation became more and more complex leading to efforts by iso and by the unicode consortium to develop a single unified character encoding that could cover all known or at least all currently known languages after some conflict citation needed these efforts were unified unicode currently allows for 1 114 112 code values and assigns codes covering nearly all modern text writing systems as well as many historical ones and for many non linguistic characters such as printer s dingbats mathematical symbols etc text is considered plain text regardless of its encoding to properly understand or process it the recipient must know or be able to figure out what encoding was used however they need not know anything about the computer architecture that was used or about the binary structures defined by whatever program if any created the data perhaps the most common way of explicitly stating the specific encoding of plain text is with a mime type for email and http the default mime type is text plain plain text without markup another mime type often used in both email and http is text html charset utf 8 plain text represented using the utf 8 character encoding with html markup another common mime type is application json plain text represented using the utf 8 character encoding with json markup when a document is received without any explicit indication of the character encoding some applications use charset detection to attempt to guess what encoding was used control codes edit main article c0 and c1 control codes ascii reserves the first 32 codes numbers 0 31 decimal for control characters known as the c0 set codes originally intended not to represent printable information but rather to control devices such as printers that make use of ascii or to provide meta information about data streams such as those stored on magnetic tape they include common characters like the newline and the tab character in 8 bit character sets such as latin 1 and the other iso 8859 sets the first 32 characters of the upper half 128 to 159 are also control codes known as the c1 set they are rarely used directly when they turn up in documents which are ostensibly in an iso 8859 encoding their code positions generally refer instead to the characters at that position in a proprietary system specific encoding such as windows 1252 or mac os roman that use the codes to instead provide additional graphic characters main article unicode control characters unicode defines additional control characters including bi directional text direction override characters used to explicitly mark right to left writing inside left to right writing and the other way around and variation selectors to select alternate forms of cjk ideographs emoji and other characters see also edit binary file source code text file word wrap references edit the unicode standard version 14 0 pdf pp 18 19 andrew hunt david thomas the pragmatic programmer 1999 chapter 14 the power of plain text p 73 v t e data types uninterpreted bit byte trit tryte word bit array numeric arbitrary precision or bignum complex decimal fixed point floating point reduced precision minifloat half precision bfloat16 single precision double precision quadruple precision octuple precision extended precision long double integer signedness interval rational pointer address physical virtual reference text character string null terminated composite algebraic data type generalized array associative array class dependent equality inductive intersection list object metaobject option type product record or struct refinement set union tagged other boolean bottom type collection enumerated type exception function type opaque data type recursive data type semaphore stream top type type class unit type void related topics abstract data type boxing data structure generic kind metaclass parametric polymorphism primitive data type protocol interface subtyping type constructor type conversion type system type theory variable retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title plain_text oldid 1107756299 categories text file formats open formats hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from august 2012 all articles needing additional references all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from february 2012 navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk english views read edit view history more search navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file tools what links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page information cite this page wikidata item print export download as pdf printable version languages العربية bân lâm gú беларуская català čeština deutsch ελληνικά español esperanto euskara فارسی français 한국어 bahasa indonesia italiano bahasa melayu nederlands 日本語 norsk bokmål português română русский simple english svenska ไทย українська tiếng việt edit links this page was last edited on 31 august 2022 at 18 27 utc text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike license 3 0 additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia mobile view developers statistics cookie statement