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tools what links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page information cite this page wikidata item print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons languages on this wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title go to top contents move to sidebar hide top 1 types 1 1 space division multiplexing 1 2 frequency division multiplexing 1 3 time division multiplexing 1 4 polarization division multiplexing 1 5 orbital angular momentum multiplexing 1 6 code division multiplexing 2 multiple access method 3 application areas 3 1 telegraphy 3 2 telephony 3 3 video processing 3 4 digital broadcasting 3 5 analog broadcasting 4 other meanings 5 see also 6 references 7 external links toggle the table of contents multiplexing 38 languages العربية български català čeština dansk deutsch eesti ελληνικά español فارسی français 한국어 bahasa indonesia italiano עברית қазақша latviešu magyar македонски bahasa melayu nederlands 日本語 norsk bokmål polski português română русский simple english slovenčina српски srpski sunda suomi svenska türkçe українська tiếng việt 吴语 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history more read edit view history from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from demultiplexing method of combining multiple signals into one signal over a shared medium for multiplexing in electronics and signal processing see multiplexer this article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations august 2014 learn how and when to remove this template message multiplexing analog modulation am fm pm qam sm ssb circuit mode constant bandwidth tdm fdm wdm sdma polarization spatial oam statistical multiplexing variable bandwidth packet switching dynamic tdma fhss dsss ofdma sc fdm mc ss related topics channel access methods medium access control v t e multiple low data rate signals are multiplexed over a single high data rate link then demultiplexed at the other end in telecommunications and computer networking multiplexing sometimes contracted to muxing is a method by which multiple analog or digital signals are combined into one signal over a shared medium the aim is to share a scarce resource a physical transmission medium for example in telecommunications several telephone calls may be carried using one wire multiplexing originated in telegraphy in the 1870s and is now widely applied in communications in telephony george owen squier is credited with the development of telephone carrier multiplexing in 1910 the multiplexed signal is transmitted over a communication channel such as a cable the multiplexing divides the capacity of the communication channel into several logical channels one for each message signal or data stream to be transferred a reverse process known as demultiplexing extracts the original channels on the receiver end a device that performs the multiplexing is called a multiplexer mux and a device that performs the reverse process is called a demultiplexer demux or dmx inverse multiplexing imux has the opposite aim as multiplexing namely to break one data stream into several streams transfer them simultaneously over several communication channels and recreate the original data stream in computing i o multiplexing can also be used to refer to the concept of processing multiple input output events from a single event loop with system calls like poll 1 and select unix 2 types edit multiple variable bit rate digital bit streams may be transferred efficiently over a single fixed bandwidth channel by means of statistical multiplexing this is an asynchronous mode time domain multiplexing which is a form of time division multiplexing digital bit streams can be transferred over an analog channel by means of code division multiplexing techniques such as frequency hopping spread spectrum fhss and direct sequence spread spectrum dsss in wireless communications multiplexing can also be accomplished through alternating polarization horizontal vertical or clockwise counterclockwise on each adjacent channel and satellite or through phased multi antenna array combined with a multiple input multiple output communications mimo scheme space division multiplexing edit main article space division multiple access in wired communication space division multiplexing also known as space division multiple access sdma is the use of separate point to point electrical conductors for each transmitted channel examples include an analogue stereo audio cable with one pair of wires for the left channel and another for the right channel and a multi pair telephone cable a switched star network such as a telephone access network a switched ethernet network and a mesh network in wireless communication space division multiplexing is achieved with multiple antenna elements forming a phased array antenna examples are multiple input and multiple output mimo single input and multiple output simo and multiple input and single output miso multiplexing an ieee 802 11g wireless router with k antennas makes it in principle possible to communicate with k multiplexed channels each with a peak bit rate of 54 mbit s thus increasing the total peak bit rate by the factor k different antennas would give different multi path propagation echo signatures making it possible for digital signal processing techniques to separate different signals from each other these techniques may also be utilized for space diversity improved robustness to fading or beamforming improved selectivity rather than multiplexing frequency division multiplexing edit frequency division multiplexing fdm the spectrum of each input signal is shifted to a distinct frequency range frequency division multiplexing fdm is inherently an analog technology fdm achieves the combining of several signals into one medium by sending signals in several distinct frequency ranges over a single medium in fdm the signals are electrical signals one of the most common applications for fdm is traditional radio and television broadcasting from terrestrial mobile or satellite stations or cable television only one cable reaches a customer s residential area but the service provider can send multiple television channels or signals simultaneously over that cable to all subscribers without interference receivers must tune to the appropriate frequency channel to access the desired signal 3 one stream one color light waves in wdm a variant technology called wavelength division multiplexing wdm is used in optical communications time division multiplexing edit time division multiplexing tdm time division multiplexing tdm is a digital or in rare cases analog technology which uses time instead of space or frequency to separate the different data streams tdm involves sequencing groups of a few bits or bytes from each individual input stream one after the other and in such a way that they can be associated with the appropriate receiver if done sufficiently quickly the receiving devices will not detect that some of the circuit time was used to serve another logical communication path consider an application requiring four terminals at an airport to reach a central computer each terminal communicated at 2400 baud so rather than acquire four individual circuits to carry such a low speed transmission the airline has installed a pair of multiplexers a pair of 9600 baud modems and one dedicated analog communications circuit from the airport ticket desk back to the airline data center are also installed 3 some web proxy servers e g polipo use tdm in http pipelining of multiple http transactions onto the same tcp ip connection 4 carrier sense multiple access and multidrop communication methods are similar to time division multiplexing in that multiple data streams are separated by time on the same medium but because the signals have separate origins instead of being combined into a single signal are best viewed as channel access methods rather than a form of multiplexing td is a legacy multiplexing technology still providing the backbone of most national fixed line telephony networks in europe providing the 2m bit voice and signalling ports on narrow band telephone exchanges such as the dms100 each e1 or 2m bit tdm port provides either 30 or 31 speech timeslots in the case of ccitt7 signalling systems and 30 voice channels for customer connected q931 dass2 dpnss v5 and cass signalling systems 5 polarization division multiplexing edit polarization division multiplexing uses the polarization of electromagnetic radiation to separate orthogonal channels it is in practical use in both radio and optical communications particularly in 100 gbit s per channel fiber optic transmission systems differential cross polarized wireless communications is a novel method for polarized antenna transmission utilizing a differential technique 6 orbital angular momentum multiplexing edit orbital angular momentum multiplexing is a relatively new and experimental technique for multiplexing multiple channels of signals carried using electromagnetic radiation over a single path 7 it can potentially be used in addition to other physical multiplexing methods to greatly expand the transmission capacity of such systems as of 2012 update it is still in its early research phase with small scale laboratory demonstrations of bandwidths of up to 2 5 tbit s over a single light path 8 this is a controversial subject in the academic community with many claiming it is not a new method of multiplexing but rather a special case of space division multiplexing 9 code division multiplexing edit code division multiplexing cdm code division multiple access cdma or spread spectrum is a class of techniques where several channels simultaneously share the same frequency spectrum and this spectral bandwidth is much higher than the bit rate or symbol rate one form is frequency hopping another is direct sequence spread spectrum in the latter case each channel transmits its bits as a coded channel specific sequence of pulses called chips number of chips per bit or chips per symbol is the spreading factor this coded transmission typically is accomplished by transmitting a unique time dependent series of short pulses which are placed within chip times within the larger bit time all channels each with a different code can be transmitted on the same fiber or radio channel or other medium and asynchronously demultiplexed advantages over conventional techniques are that variable bandwidth is possible just as in statistical multiplexing that the wide bandwidth allows poor signal to noise ratio according to shannon hartley theorem and that multi path propagation in wireless communication can be combated by rake receivers a significant application of cdma is the global positioning system gps telecommunication multiplexing multiple access method edit a multiplexing technique may be further extended into a multiple access method or channel access method for example tdm into time division multiple access tdma and statistical multiplexing into carrier sense multiple access csma a multiple access method makes it possible for several transmitters connected to the same physical medium to share its capacity multiplexing is provided by the physical layer of the osi model while multiple access also involves a media access control protocol which is part of the data link layer the transport layer in the osi model as well as tcp ip model provides statistical multiplexing of several application layer data flows to from the same computer code division multiplexing cdm is a technique in which each channel transmits its bits as a coded channel specific sequence of pulses this coded transmission typically is accomplished by transmitting a unique time dependent series of short pulses which are placed within chip times within the larger bit time all channels each with a different code can be transmitted on the same fiber and asynchronously demultiplexed other widely used multiple access techniques are time division multiple access tdma and frequency division multiple access fdma code division multiplex techniques are used as an access technology namely code division multiple access cdma in universal mobile telecommunications system umts standard for the third generation 3g mobile communication identified by the itu citation needed application areas edit telegraphy edit the earliest communication technology using electrical wires and therefore sharing an interest in the economies afforded by multiplexing was the electric telegraph early experiments allowed two separate messages to travel in opposite directions simultaneously first using an electric battery at both ends then at only one end émile baudot developed a time multiplexing system of multiple hughes machines in the 1870s in 1874 the quadruplex telegraph developed by thomas edison transmitted two messages in each direction simultaneously for a total of four messages transiting the same wire at the same time several researchers were investigating acoustic telegraphy a frequency division multiplexing technique which led to the invention of the telephone telephony edit in telephony a customer s telephone line now typically ends at the remote concentrator box where it is multiplexed along with other telephone lines for that neighborhood or other similar area the multiplexed signal is then carried to the central switching office on significantly fewer wires and for much further distances than a customer s line can practically go this is likewise also true for digital subscriber lines dsl fiber in the loop fitl is a common method of multiplexing which uses optical fiber as the backbone it not only connects pots phone lines with the rest of the pstn but also replaces dsl by connecting directly to ethernet wired into the home asynchronous transfer mode is often the communications protocol used citation needed cable tv has long carried multiplexed television channels and late in the 20th century began offering the same services as telephone companies iptv also depends on multiplexing video processing edit main article demultiplexer media file in video editing and processing systems multiplexing refers to the process of interleaving audio and video into one coherent data stream in digital video such a transport stream is normally a feature of a container format which may include metadata and other information such as subtitles the audio and video streams may have variable bit rate software that produces such a transport stream and or container is commonly called a multiplexer or muxer a demuxer is software that extracts or otherwise makes available for separate processing the components of such a stream or container digital broadcasting edit in digital television systems several variable bit rate data streams are multiplexed together to a fixed bit rate ...