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consciousness at us universities and research institutes in 2015 the faggin foundation helped to establish a 1 million endowment for the faggin family presidential chair in the physics of information at uc santa cruz to promote the study of fundamental questions at the interface of physics and related fields including mathematics complex systems biophysics and cognitive science with the unifying theme of information in physics 4 federico faggin has been a silicon valley resident since 1968 and is a naturalized us citizen citation needed contents 1 education and early career 1 1 olivetti r d labs 1 2 sgs fairchild 2 silicon valley career 2 1 fairchild semiconductor 2 2 fairchild 3708 2 3 intel 2 4 early intel microprocessors 2 5 zilog 2 6 the communication cosystem 2 7 synaptics 2 8 foveon 2 9 federico and elvia faggin foundation 3 original documents 3 1 on the mos silicon gate technology sgt and the fairchild 3708 the first application of sgt 3 2 on the intel 4004 microprocessor 4 publications 4 1 articles 4 2 books 5 awards 6 references 7 external links education and early career edit born in vicenza italy federico grew up in an intellectual environment his father giuseppe faggin 5 was a scholar who wrote many academic books and translated with commentaries the enneads of plotinus from the original greek into modern italian federico had a strong interest in technology from an early age he attended a technical high school in vicenza i t i s alessandro rossi and later earned a laurea degree in physics summa cum laude from the university of padua 6 olivetti r d labs edit faggin joined olivetti aged 19 there he co designed and led the implementation of a small digital transistor computer with 4 k 12 bit of magnetic memory 1960 7 the olivetti r d department subsequently developed one of the world s first programmable desktop electronic calculators the olivetti programma 101 1964 8 9 10 after this first work experience faggin studied physics at the university of padua and taught the electronics laboratory course for 3rd year physics students in the academic year 1965 1966 sgs fairchild edit in 1967 he joined sgs fairchild now stmicroelectronics in italy where he developed its first mos metal gate process technology and designed its first two commercial mos integrated circuits sgs sent him to california in 1968 when fairchild sold sgs fairchild faggin accepted an offer to complete the development of the silicon gate technology with fairchild silicon valley career edit fairchild semiconductor edit the silicon gate technology sgt is one of the most influential technologies to have fueled the progress of microelectronics since the mosfet without the sgt the first microprocessor could not have been made during 1970 1971 in february 1968 federico faggin joined fairchild semiconductor in palo alto where he was the project leader of the mos silicon gate technology a mosfet with a silicon self aligned gate and the inventor of its unique process architecture 11 12 13 14 the sgt became the basis of all modern nmos and cmos integrated circuits it made possible the creation of mos semiconductor memory chips during 1969 1970 the first microprocessor during 1970 1971 and the first ccd and eprom electrically programmable read only memory with floating silicon gates 1970 1971 the sgt replaced the incumbent aluminum gate mos technology and was adopted worldwide within 10 years eventually making obsolete the original integrated circuits built with bipolar transistors fairchild 3708 edit at fairchild faggin designed the first commercial integrated circuit using silicon gate technology with self aligned mosfet transistors the fairchild 3708 15 the 3708 was an 8 bit analog multiplexer with decoding logic replacing the equivalent fairchild 3705 that used metal gate technology the 3708 7 was 5 times faster had 100 times less junction leakage and was much more reliable than the 3705 demonstrating the superiority of sgt over metal gate mos see also faggin f klein t 1969 a faster generation of mos devices with low threshold is riding the crest of the new wave silicon gate ic s electronics 29 sept 1969 15 intel edit faggin at the computer history museum s 2009 fellows award event the intel 4004 federico faggin joined intel from fairchild in 1970 as the project leader and designer of the mcs 4 family which included the 4004 the world s first single chip microprocessor 16 fairchild was not taking advantage of the sgt and faggin was burning with the desire of using his new technology to design advanced chips the 4004 1971 was made possible by the advanced capabilities of the silicon gate technology sgt being enhanced through the novel random logic chip design methodology that faggin created at intel it was this new methodology together with his several design innovations that allowed him to fit the microprocessor in one small chip 17 18 a single chip microprocessor an idea that was expected to occur many years in the future became possible in 1971 by using sgt with two additional innovations 1 buried contacts that doubled the circuit density and 2 the use of bootstrap loads with 2 phase clocks previously considered impossible with sgt that improved the speed 5 times while reducing the chip area by half compared with metal gate mos 19 the design methodology created by faggin 18 was utilized for the implementation of all intel s early microprocessors and later also for zilog s z80 20 the intel 4004 a 4 bit cpu central processing unit on a single chip was a member of a family of 4 custom chips designed for busicom a japanese calculator manufacturer the other members of the family constituting the mcs 4 family were the 4001 a 2k bit metal mask programmable rom with programmable input output lines the 4002 a 320 bit dynamic ram with a 4 bit output port and the 4003 a 10 bit serial input and serial parallel output static shift register to use as an i o expander faggin promoted the idea of broadly marketing the mcs 4 to customers other than busicom by showing to intel management how customers could design a control system using the 4004 he designed and built a 4004 tester using the 4004 as the controller of the tester thus convincing bob noyce to renegotiate the exclusivity clause with busicom that didn t allow intel to sell the mcs 4 line to other customers in 2009 the four contributors to the 4004 were inducted as fellows of the computer history museum ted hoff head of application research department formulated the architectural proposal and the instruction set with assistance from stan mazor and working in conjunction with busicom s masatoshi shima however none of them was a chip designer and none was familiar with the new silicon gate technology sgt the silicon design was the essential missing ingredient to making a microprocessor since everything else was already known federico faggin led the project in a different department without hoff s and mazor s involvement faggin had invented the original sgt at fairchild semiconductor in 1968 and provided additional refinements and inventions to make possible the implementation of the 4004 in a single chip with routine help from shima faggin completed the chip design in january 1971 the intel 2102a is a redesign of the intel 2102 static ram where federico faggin introduced to intel for the first time the depletion load combining the silicon gate technology with ionic implantation the design was done toward the end of 1973 by federico faggin and dick pashley the 2102a was 5 times faster than the 2102 opening a new direction for intel 21 early intel microprocessors edit faggin s silicon design methodology was used for implementing all intel s early microprocessors 17 the intel 8008 was the world s first single chip 8 bit cpu and like the 4004 was built with p channel sgt the 8008 development was originally assigned to hal feeney in march 1970 but was suspended until the 4004 was completed it was resumed in january 1971 under faggin s direction utilizing the basic circuits and methodology he had developed for the 4004 with hal feeney doing the chip design the cpu architecture of the 8008 was originally created by ctc inc for the datapoint 2200 intelligent terminal in which it was implemented in discrete ic logic the intel 4040 microprocessor 1974 was a much improved machine code compatible version of the 4004 cpu allowing it to interface directly with standard memories and i o devices federico faggin created the architecture of the 4040 and supervised tom innes who did the design work the 8080 microprocessor 1974 was the first high performance 8 bit microprocessor in the market using the faster n channel sgt the 8080 was conceived and designed by faggin and designed by masatoshi shima under faggin s supervision 22 the 8080 was a major improvement over the 8008 architecture yet it retained software compatibility with it it was much faster and easier to interface to external memory and i o devices than the 8008 the high performance and low cost of the 8080 let developers use microprocessors for many new applications including the forerunners of the personal computer 23 24 when faggin left intel at the end of 1974 to found zilog with ralph ungermann he was r d department manager responsible for all mos products except for dynamic memories 22 zilog edit zilog was the first company entirely dedicated to microprocessors it was started by federico faggin and ralph ungermann in november 1974 faggin was zilog s president and ceo until the end of 1980 and he conceived and designed the z80 cpu and its family of programmable peripheral components he also co designed the cpu whose project leader was masatoshi shima 25 the z80 cpu was a major improvement over the 8080 yet it retained software compatibility with it much faster and with more than twice as many registers and instructions of the 8080 it was part of a family of components that included several intelligent peripherals the z80 pio a programmable parallel input output controller the z80 ctc a programmable counter timer the z80 sio programmable serial communications interface controller and the z80 dma programmable direct memory access controller this chip family allowed the design of powerful and low cost microcomputers with performance comparable to minicomputers the z80 cpu had a substantially better bus structure and interrupt structure than the 8080 and could interface directly with dynamic ram since it included an internal memory refresh controller the z80 was used in many of the early personal computers as well as in video game systems such as the msx colecovision sega master system and game boy the z80 is still in volume production in 2017 26 as a core microprocessor in various systems on a chip the zilog z8 micro controller 1978 was one of the first single chip microcontrollers in the market it integrated an 8 bit cpu ram rom and i o facilities sufficient for many control applications faggin conceived the z8 in 1974 soon after he founded zilog but then decided to give priority to the z80 the z8 was designed in 1976 78 and is still in volume production today 2017 the communication cosystem edit the communication cosystem 1984 the cosystem was conceived by faggin and designed and produced by cygnet technologies inc the second startup company of faggin attached to a personal computer and to a standard phone line the cosystem could automatically handle all the personal voice and data communications of the user including electronic mail database access computer screen transfers during a voice communication call record keeping etc the patent covering the cosystem 27 is highly cited in the personal communication field synaptics edit in 1986 faggin co founded and was ceo of synaptics 28 until 1999 becoming chairman from 1999 to 2009 synaptics was initially dedicated to r d in artificial neural networks for pattern recognition applications using analog vlsi synaptics introduced the i1000 the world s first single chip optical character recognizer in 1991 in 1994 synaptics introduced the touchpad to replace the cumbersome trackball then in use in laptop computers the touchpad was broadly adopted by the industry synaptics also introduced the early touchscreens that were eventually adopted for intelligent phones and tablets applications that now dominate the market faggin came up with the general product idea and led a group of engineers who further refined the idea through many brainstorming sessions faggin is a co inventor of ten patents assigned to synaptics he is chairman emeritus of synaptics foveon edit during his tenure as president and ceo of foveon from 2003 to 2008 faggin revitalized the company and provided a new technological and business direction resulting in image sensors superior in all critical parameters to the best sensors of the competition while using approximately half the chip size of competing devices citation needed faggin also oversaw the successful acquisition of foveon by the japanese sigma corporation in november 2008 federico and elvia faggin foundation edit founded in 2011 the federico and elvia faggin foundation supports the scientific study of consciousness at us universities and research institutes the purpose of the foundation is to advance the understanding of consciousness through theoretical and experimental research faggin s interest in consciousness has his roots in the study of artificial neural networks at synaptics a company he started in 1986 that prompted his inquiry into whether or not it is possible to build a conscious computer 29 original documents edit on the mos silicon gate technology sgt and the fairchild 3708 the first application of sgt edit faggin f klein t and vadasz l insulated gate field effect transistor integrated circuits with silicon gates the silicon gate technology with self aligned gates was presented by its developer federico faggin at the ieee international electron device meeting on 23 october 1968 in washington d c this new technology empowered the design of dynamic ram memories non volatile memories ccd sensors and the microprocessor federico faggin and thomas klein a faster generation of mos devices with low thresholds is riding the crest of the new wave silicon gate ic s the article published in electronics 29 september 1969 introduces the fairchild 3708 the world s first commercial integrated circuit using silicon gate technology designed by federico faggin at fairchild in 1968 f faggin t klein silicon gate technology solid state electronics 1970 vo 13 pp 1125 1144 on the intel 4004 microprocessor edit f faggin and m e hoff standard parts and custom design merge in a four chip processor kit electronics 24 april 1972 f faggin et al the mcs 4 an lsi microcomputer system ieee 1972 region six conference faggin federico capocaccia f a new integrated mos shift register proceedings xv international electronics scientific congress rome april 1968 pp 143 152 this paper describes a novel static mos shift r...