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nfluencers with the rising importance of social media video game companies have found that the opinions of influencers using streaming media to play through their games has had a significant impact on game sales and have turned to use influencers alongside traditional journalism as a means to build up attention to their game before release esports esports is a major function of several multiplayer games with numerous professional leagues established since the 2000s with large viewership numbers particularly out of southeast asia since the 2010s trade and advocacy groups trade groups like the entertainment software association were established to provide a common voice for the industry in response to governmental and other advocacy concerns they frequently set up the major trade events and conventions for the industry such as e3 gamers the players and consumers of video games broadly while their representation in the industry is primarily seen through game sales many companies follow gamers comments on social media or on user reviews and engage with them to work to improve their products in addition to other feedback from other parts of the industry demographics of the larger player community also impact parts of the market while once dominated by younger men the market shifted in the mid 2010s towards women and older players who generally preferred mobile and causal games leading to further growth in those sectors 88 major regional markets see also video game industry international practices the industry itself grew out from both the united states and japan in the 1970s and 1980s before having a larger worldwide contribution today the video game industry is predominantly led by major companies in north america primarily the united states and canada western europe and southeast asia including japan south korea and china hardware production remains an area dominated by asian companies either directly involved in hardware design or part of the production process but digital distribution and indie game development of the late 2000s has allowed game developers to flourish nearly anywhere and diversify the field 89 game sales see also list of best selling video games and golden age of arcade video games a retail display with a large selection of games for platforms popular in the early 2000s according to the market research firm newzoo the global video game industry drew estimated revenues of over 159 billion in 2020 mobile games accounted for the bulk of this with a 48 share of the market followed by console games at 28 and personal computer games at 23 1 sales of different types of games vary widely between countries due to local preferences japanese consumers tend to purchase much more handheld games than console games and especially pc games with a strong preference for games catering to local tastes 90 91 another key difference is that though having declined in the west arcade games remain an important sector of the japanese gaming industry 92 in south korea computer games are generally preferred over console games especially mmorpg games and real time strategy games computer games are also popular in china 93 effects on society culture main articles video game culture and gamer the art of video games exhibit at the smithsonian american art museum in 2012 video game culture is a worldwide new media subculture formed around video games and game playing as computer and video games have increased in popularity over time they have had a significant influence on popular culture video game culture has also evolved over time hand in hand with internet culture as well as the increasing popularity of mobile games many people who play video games identify as gamers which can mean anything from someone who enjoys games to someone who is passionate about it as video games become more social with multiplayer and online capability gamers find themselves in growing social networks gaming can both be entertainment as well as competition as a new trend known as electronic sports is becoming more widely accepted in the 2010s video games and discussions of video game trends and topics can be seen in social media politics television film and music the covid 19 pandemic during 2020 2021 gave further visibility to video games as a pastime to enjoy with friends and family online as a means of social distancing 94 95 main article video games as an art form since the mid 2000s there has been debate whether video games qualify as art primarily as the form s interactivity interfered with the artistic intent of the work and that they are designed for commercial appeal a significant debate on the matter came after film critic roger ebert published an essay video games can never be art 96 which challenged the industry to prove him and other critics wrong 97 the view that video games were an art form was cemented in 2011 when the u s supreme court ruled in the landmark case brown v entertainment merchants association that video games were a protected form of speech with artistic merit 98 since then video game developers have come to use the form more for artistic expression including the development of art games 99 and the cultural heritage of video games as works of arts beyond their technical capabilities have been part of major museum exhibits including the art of video games at the smithsonian american art museum and toured at other museums from 2012 to 2016 main articles film adaptation video game adaptation and hollywood and the video game industry video games will inspire sequels and other video games within the same franchise but also have influenced works outside of the video game medium numerous television shows both animated and live action films comics and novels have been created based on existing video game franchises because video games are an interactive medium there has been trouble in converting them to these passive forms of media and typically such works have been critically panned or treated as children s media for example until 2019 no video game film had ever been received a fresh rating on rotten tomatoes but the releases of detective pikachu 2019 and sonic the hedgehog 2020 both receiving fresh ratings shows signs of the film industry having found an approach to adapt video games for the large screen 100 101 that said some early video game based films have been highly successful at the box office such as 1995 s mortal kombat and 2001 s lara croft tomb raider 102 more recently since the 2000s there has also become a larger appreciation of video game music which ranges from chiptunes composed for limited sound output devices on early computers and consoles to fully scored compositions for most modern games such music has frequently served as a platform for covers and remixes and concerts featuring video game soundtracks performed by bands or orchestras such as video games live have also become popular 102 video games also frequently incorporate licensed music particularly in the area of rhythm games furthering the depth of which video games and music can work together 102 further video games can serve as a virtual environment under full control of a producer to create new works with the capability to render 3d actors and settings in real time a new type of work machinima short for machine cinema grew out from using video game engines to craft narratives 103 as video game engines gain higher fidelity they have also become part of the tools used in more traditional filmmaking unreal engine has been used as a backbone by industrial light magic for their stagecraft technology for shows like the mandalorian 104 separately video games are also frequently used as part of the promotion and marketing for other media such as for films anime and comics however these licensed games in the 1990s and 2000s often had a reputation for poor quality developed without any input from the intellectual property rights owners and several of them are considered among lists of games with notably negative reception such as superman 64 more recently with these licensed games being developed by triple a studios or through studios directly connected to the licensed property owner there has been a significant improvement in the quality of these games with an early trendsetting example of batman arkham asylum 105 beneficial uses main articles video games in education and video game behavioral effects besides their entertainment value appropriately designed video games have been seen to provide value in education across several ages and comprehension levels learning principles found in video games have been identified as possible techniques with which to reform the u s education system 106 it has been noticed that gamers adopt an attitude while playing that is of such high concentration they do not realize they are learning and that if the same attitude could be adopted at school education would enjoy significant benefits 107 students are found to be learning by doing while playing video games while fostering creative thinking 108 video games are also believed to be beneficial to the mind and body it has been shown that action video game players have better hand eye coordination and visuo motor skills such as their resistance to distraction their sensitivity to information in the peripheral vision and their ability to count briefly presented objects than nonplayers 109 researchers found that such enhanced abilities could be acquired by training with action games involving challenges that switch attention between different locations but not with games requiring concentration on single objects a 2018 systematic review found evidence that video gaming training had positive effects on cognitive and emotional skills in the adult population especially with young adults 110 a 2019 systematic review also added support for the claim that video games are beneficial to the brain although the beneficial effects of video gaming on the brain differed by video games types 111 organisers of video gaming events such as the organisers of the d lux video game festival in dumfries scotland have emphasised the positive aspects video games can have on mental health organisers mental health workers and mental health nurses at the event emphasised the relationships and friendships that can be built around video games and how playing games can help people learn about others as a precursor to discussing the person s mental health 112 a study in 2020 from oxford university also suggested that playing video games can be a benefit to a person s mental health the report of 3 274 gamers all over the age of 18 focused on the games animal crossing new horizons and plants vs zombies battle for neighborville and used actual play time data the report found that those that played more games tended to report greater wellbeing 113 114 also in 2020 computer science professor regan mandryk of the university of saskatchewan said her research also showed that video games can have health benefits such as reducing stress and improving mental health the university s research studied all age groups from pre literate children through to older adults living in long term care homes with a main focus on 18 to 55 year olds 115 a study of gamers attitudes towards gaming which was reported about in 2018 found that millennials use video games as a key strategy for coping with stress in the study of 1 000 gamers 55 said that it helps them to unwind and relieve stress and half said they see the value in gaming as a method of escapism to help them deal with daily work pressures 116 controversies main article video game controversies see also digital media use and mental health autism the compulsion loop for video games is believed to trigger dopamine release that can encourage addictive behavior video games have had controversy since the 1970s video games have emerged as one of the primary playthings used by youngsters all over the world citation needed parents and children s advocates have raised concerns that violent video games can influence young players into performing those violent acts in real life and events such as the columbine high school massacre in 1999 in which the perpetrators specifically alluded to using video games to plot out their attack raised further fears medical experts and mental health professionals have also raised concerned that video games may be addictive and the world health organization has included gaming disorder in the 11th revision of its international statistical classification of diseases other health experts including the american psychiatric association have stated that there is insufficient evidence that video games can create violent tendencies or lead to addictive behavior 117 though agree that video games typically use a compulsion loop in their core design that can create dopamine that can help reinforce the desire to continue to play through that compulsion loop and potentially lead into violent or addictive behavior 118 119 120 even with case law establishing that video games qualify as a protected art form there has been pressure on the video game industry to keep their products in check to avoid over excessive violence particularly for games aimed at younger children the potential addictive behavior around games coupled with increased used of post sale monetization of video games has also raised concern among parents advocates and government officials about gambling tendencies that may come from video games such as controversy around the use of loot boxes in many high profile games numerous other controversies around video games and its industry have arisen over the years among the more notable incidents include the 1993 united states congressional hearings on violent games like mortal kombat which lead to the formation of the esrb ratings system numerous legal actions taken by attorney jack thompson over violent games such as grand theft auto iii and manhunt from 2003 to 2007 the outrage over the no russian level from call of duty modern warfare 2 in 2009 which allowed the player to shoot a number of innocent non player characters at an airport and the gamergate harassment campaign in 2014 that highlighted misogamy from a portion of the player demographic the industry as a whole has also dealt with issues related to gender racial and lgbtq discrimination and mischaracterization of these minority groups in video games a further issue in the industry is related to working conditions as development studios and publishers frequently use crunch time required extended working hours in the weeks and months ahead of a game s release to assure on time delivery collecting and preservation main articles video game collecting and video game preservation players of video games often maintain collections of games more recently there has been interest in retrogaming focusing on games from the first decades games in retail packaging in good shape have become collectors items...