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chemical computer wikipedia 131 captures 13 sep 2006 03 jul 2026 oct nov dec 29 2021 2022 2023 success fail about this capture timestamps the wayback machine http web archive org web 20221129234742 https en wikipedia org wiki chemical_computer chemical computer from wikipedia the free encyclopedia jump to navigation jump to search this article is about computation using molecular and chemical systems for computation using single molecules as active elements see molecular scale electronics and molecular logic gate a chemical computer also called a reaction diffusion computer belousov zhabotinsky bz computer or gooware computer is an unconventional computer based on a semi solid chemical soup where data are represented by varying concentrations of chemicals 1 the computations are performed by naturally occurring chemical reactions contents 1 background 2 current research 3 see also 4 references background edit originally chemical reactions were seen as a simple move towards a stable equilibrium which was not very promising for computation this was changed by a discovery made by boris belousov a soviet scientist in the 1950s he created a chemical reaction between different salts and acids that swing back and forth between being yellow and clear because the concentration of the different components changes up and down in a cyclic way at the time this was considered impossible because it seemed to go against the second law of thermodynamics which says that in a closed system the entropy will only increase over time causing the components in the mixture to distribute themselves until equilibrium is gained and making any changes in the concentration impossible but modern theoretical analyses shows sufficiently complicated reactions can indeed comprise wave phenomena without breaking the laws of nature 1 2 a convincing directly visible demonstration was achieved by anatol zhabotinsky with the belousov zhabotinsky reaction showing spiraling colored waves the wave properties of the bz reaction means it can move information in the same way as all other waves this still leaves the need for computation performed by conventional microchips using the binary code transmitting and changing ones and zeros through a complicated system of logic gates to perform any conceivable computation it is sufficient to have nand gates a nand gate has two bits input its output is 0 if both bits are 1 otherwise it s 1 in the chemical computer version logic gates are implemented by concentration waves blocking or amplifying each other in different ways current research edit in 1989 it was demonstrated how light sensitive chemical reactions could perform image processing 3 this led to an upsurge in the field of chemical computing andrew adamatzky at the university of the west of england has demonstrated simple logic gates using reaction diffusion processes 4 furthermore he has theoretically shown how a hypothetical 2 medium modelled as a cellular automaton can perform computation 5 adamatzky was inspired by a theoretical article on computation by using balls on a billiard table to transfer this principle to the bz chemicals and replace the billiard balls with waves if two waves meet in the solution they create a third wave which is registered as a 1 he has tested the theory in practice and is working to produce some thousand chemical versions of logic gates to create a chemical pocket calculator citation needed one of the problems with the present version of this technology is the speed of the waves they only spread at a rate of a few millimeters per minute according to adamatzky this problem can be eliminated by placing the gates very close to each other to make sure the signals are transferred quickly another possibility could be new chemical reactions where waves propagate much faster in 2014 a chemical computing system was developed by an international team headed by the swiss federal laboratories for materials science and technology empa the chemical computer used surface tension calculations derived from the marangoni effect using an acidic gel to find the most efficient route between points a and b outpacing a conventional satellite navigation system attempting to calculate the same route 6 7 in 2015 stanford university graduate students created a computer using magnetic fields and water droplets infused with magnetic nanoparticles illustrating some of the basic principles behind a chemical computer 8 9 in 2015 university of washington students created a programming language for chemical reactions originally developed for dna analysis 10 11 in 2017 researchers at harvard university patented a chemical turing machine that operated using the non linear dynamics of the belousov zhabotinsky reaction 12 the system that they developed is capable of recognizing a chomsky type 1 language using gibbs free energy considerations this work was subsequently published in 2019 including systems for chomsky type 2 and type 3 languages 13 in 2020 university of glasgow researchers created a chemical computer using 3d printed parts and magnetic stirrers in order to control the oscillations of bz medium in doing so they were able to compute binary logic gates and perform pattern recognition 14 see also edit molecular logic gate computer quantum computing dna computing biocomputing organic computing fluidics water integrator history of computing hardware top500 biochemistry fluid dynamics references edit a b kumar ambar mahato akash kumar singh akashdeep 2014 chemical computing the different way of computing pdf international journal of innovative research in technology 1 6 issn 2349 6002 archived from the original pdf on 2015 06 15 retrieved 2015 06 14 moore s law is about to get weird nautilus l kuhnert k i agladze v i krinsky 1989 image processing using light sensitive chemical waves nature 337 6204 244 247 doi 10 1038 337244a0 adamatzky andrew de lacy costello benjamin 2002 experimental logical gates in a reaction diffusion medium the xor gate and beyond physical review e 66 4 046112 doi 10 1103 physreve 66 046112 pmid 12443264 andrew i adamatzky 1997 information processing capabilities of chemical reaction diffusion systems 1 belousov zhabotinsky media in hydrogel matrices and on solid supports advanced materials for optics and electronics 7 5 263 272 doi 10 1002 sici 1099 0712 199709 7 5 263 aid amo317 3 0 co 2 y chemical gps outpreforms satellite navigation system engineering com engineering com empa invents chemical computer faster than a satnav gizmag com stanford has created a water droplet computer extremetech extremetech this computer clocks uses water droplets manipulating information and matter at the same time zme science taylor soper chemical computer researchers develop programming language to control dna molecules geekwire uw engineers invent programming language to build synthetic dna washington edu us 9 582 771 dueñas díez m pérez mercader j 2019 how chemistry computes language recognition by non biochemical chemical automata from finite automata to turing machines iscience 19 514 526 doi 10 1016 j isci 2019 08 007 pmc 6710637 pmid 31442667 a programmable chemical computer with memory and pattern recognition nature communications introducing the glooper computer new scientist article by duncan graham rowe restricted access 1 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title chemical_computer oldid 1091030900 categories theoretical computer science quantum computing theoretical chemistry classes of computers emerging technologies hidden categories all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from february 2007 navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk english views read edit view history more navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file 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