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labs in 1959 and demonstrated in early 1960 12 but was initially overlooked and ignored by bell labs 13 however the mosfet generated significant interest at fairchild inspired by the first mosfet chih tang sah built an mos controlled tetrode at fairchild later that year mos devices were later commercialized by fairchild in 1964 with p channel devices for logic and switching applications 12 the experiments led to fairchild s development of mos integrated circuits 14 in 1963 fairchild hired robert widlar to design analog operational amplifiers using fairchild s process since fairchild s processes were optimized for digital circuits widlar collaborated with process engineer dave talbert the collaboration resulted in two revolutionary products µa702 and µa709 15 hence fairchild dominated the analog integrated circuit market having introduced the first ic operational amplifiers or op amps bob widlar s µa702 in 1964 and µa709 in 1968 fairchild introduced david fullagar s µa741 which became the most popular ic op amp of all time 16 by 1965 fairchild s process improvements had brought low cost manufacturing to the semiconductor industry making fairchild nearly the only profitable semiconductor manufacturer in the united states fairchild dominated the market in dtl op amps and mainframe computer custom circuits in 1965 fairchild opened a semiconductor assembly plant on the navajo nation in shiprock new mexico 17 at its peak the plant employed over a thousand navajos the majority of whom were women in the shiprock dedication commemorative brochure released by the fairchild company the diné navajo women circuit makers were celebrated as culture workers who produced circuits as part of the reproductive labor of expressing navajo culture rather than merely for wages this claim was based on the opinion that circuits of the electronic chips had a mere resemblance with the complex geometric patterns on the navajo rugs paul driscoll the shiprock plant manager spoke of the untapped wealth of natural characteristics of the navajo the inherent flexibility and dexterity of the indians although highly successful during its operation the plant was closed in 1975 18 while the fairchild corporation claims the diné women were chosen to work in the shiprock plant due to their nimble fingers as previously noted the women of the shiprock reservation were actually chosen as the workforce due to a lack of labor rights asserted by the women in addition to cheap plentiful workers and tax benefits 19 fairchild had not done well in the digital integrated circuit market their first line of ics was the micrologic resistor transistor logic rtl line which was used in the apollo guidance computer it had the advantage of being extremely simple each inverter consisted of just one transistor and two resistors the logic family had many drawbacks that had made it marginal for commercial purposes and not well suited for military applications the logic could only tolerate about 100 millivolts of noise far too low for comfort it was awhile before fairchild relied on more robust designs such as diode transistor logic dtl which had much better noise margins sales due to fairchild semiconductor division had doubled each year and by the mid 1960s comprised two thirds of total sales of the parent company in 1966 fairchild s sales were second to those of texas instruments followed in third place by motorola noyce was rewarded with the position of corporate vice president and hence became the de facto head of the semiconductor division however internal trouble at fairchild began to surface with a drop in earnings in 1967 there was increasing competition from newer start ups the semiconductor division situated in mountain view and palo alto california was actually managed by executives from syosset new york who visited the california sites once a year even though the semiconductor division earned most of the profits of the company fairchild s president at that time john carter had used all the profits to fund acquisitions of unprofitable ventures noyce s position on fairchild s executive staff was consistently compromised by sherman fairchild s faction charles e sporck was noyce s operations manager sporck was reputed to run the tightest operation in the world sporck pierre lamond and most managers had grown upset and disillusioned with corporate focus on unprofitable ventures at the expense of the semiconductor division executives at the semiconductor division were allotted substantially fewer stock options compared to other divisions in march 1967 sporck was hired away by peter j sprague to national semiconductor sporck brought with him four other fairchild personnel 20 actually lamond had previously assembled a team of fairchild managers in preparation to defect to plessey a british company lamond had recruited sporck to be his own boss when negotiations with plessey broke down over stock options lamond and sporck succumbed to widlar s and talbert s who were already employed at national semiconductor suggestion that they look to national semiconductor 21 widlar and talbert had earlier left fairchild to join molectro which was later acquired by national semiconductor 22 in the fall of 1967 fairchild suffered a loss for the first time since 1958 and announced write offs of 4 million due to excess capacity which contributed to a total loss of 7 6 million profits had sunk to 0 50 a share compared to 3 a share the previous year while the value of the stock dropped in half in october 1967 the board ordered carter to sell off all of fairchild s unprofitable ventures carter responded to the order by resigning abruptly furthermore fairchild s dtl technology was being overtaken by texas instruments s faster ttl transistor transistor logic while noyce was considered the natural successor to carter the board decided not to promote him sherman fairchild led the board to choose richard hodgson within a few months hodgson was replaced by a management committee led by noyce while sherman fairchild looked for a new ceo other than noyce in response noyce discreetly planned a new company with gordon moore the head of r d they left fairchild to found intel in 1968 and were soon joined by andrew grove and leslie l vadász who took with them the revolutionary mos silicon gate technology sgt recently created in the fairchild r d laboratory by federico faggin who also designed the fairchild 3708 the world s first commercial mos integrated circuit using sgt fairchild mos division was slow in understanding the potential of the sgt which promised not only faster more reliable and denser circuits but also new device types that could enlarge the field of solid state electronics for example ccds for image sensors dynamic rams and non volatile memory devices such as eprom and flash memories intel took advantage of the sgt for its memory development federico faggin frustrated left fairchild to join intel in 1970 and design the first microprocessors using sgt among the investors of intel were hodgson and five of the founding members of fairchild sherman fairchild hired lester hogan who was the head of motorola semiconductor division hogan proceeded to hire another hundred managers from motorola to entirely displace the management of fairchild the loss of these iconic executives coupled with hogan s displacement of fairchild managers demoralized fairchild and prompted the entire exodus of employees to found new companies many of the original founders otherwise known as the fairchildren had left fairchild in the 1960s to form companies that grew to prominence in the 1970s robert noyce and gordon moore were among the last of the original founders to leave at which point the brain drain of talents that had fueled the growth of the company was complete a fairchild advertisement of the time showed a collage of the logos of silicon valley with the annotation we started it all it was later in 1971 don hoefler popularizated the name silicon valley usa in electronic news 23 he notes he didn t invent the name see also gregory gromov 24 and techcrunch 2014 update 25 of hoefler s article 23 1970s edit hogan s action to hire from motorola had motorola file a lawsuit against fairchild which the court then decided in fairchild s favor in 1973 judge william copple ruled that fairchild s results were so unimpressive that it was impossible to assess damages under any theory hogan was dismissed as president the next year but remained as vice chairman 26 in 1973 fairchild became the first company to produce a commercial charge coupled device ccd following its invention at bell labs digital image sensors are still produced today at their descendant company fairchild imaging the ccd had a difficult birth with the devastating effects on fairchild of the 1973 75 recession that followed on the 1973 oil crisis 27 after intel introduced the 8008 8 bit microprocessor fairchild developed the fairchild f8 8 bit microprocessor which was according to the cpu museum in 1977 the f8 was the world s leading microprocessor in terms of cpu sales 28 in 1976 the company released the first video game system to use rom cartridges the fairchild video entertainment system or ves later renamed channel f using the f8 microprocessor the system was successful initially but quickly lost popularity when the atari 2600 video computer system or vcs was released by the end of the 1970s they had few new products in the pipeline and increasingly turned to niche markets with their existing product line notably hardened integrated circuits for military and space applications and isoplanar ecl products used in exotic applications like cray computers 29 fairchild was being operated at a loss and the bottomline subsisted mostly from licensing of its patents in 1979 fairchild camera and instrument was purchased by schlumberger limited an oil field services company for 425 million at this time fairchild s intellectual properties on which fairchild had been subsisting were expiring 1980s edit in 1980 under schlumberger management the fairchild laboratory for artificial intelligence research flair was started within fairchild research 30 in 1985 the lab was separated to form schlumberger palo alto research spar fairchild research developed the clipper architecture a 32 bit risc like computer architecture in the 1980s resulting in the shipping of the c100 chip in 1986 the technology was later sold to intergraph its main customer schlumberger sold fairchild to national semiconductor in 1987 for 200 million 31 the sale did not include fairchild s test division which designed and produced automated test equipment ate for the semiconductor manufacturing industry nor did it include schlumberger palo alto research 1990s edit in 1997 the reconstituted fairchild semiconductor was reborn as an independent company based in south portland maine with kirk pond as ceo on march 11 1997 national semiconductor corporation announced the us 550 million sale of a reconstituted fairchild to the management of fairchild with the backing of sterling llc a unit of citicorp venture capital fairchild carried with it what was mostly the standard products group previously segregated by gil amelio the fairchild semiconductor corporation announced november 27 1997 that it would acquire the semiconductor division of the raytheon corporation for about 120 million in cash the acquisition was completed on december 31 1997 32 in december 1998 fairchild announced the acquisition of samsung s power division which made power mosfets igbts etc 33 the deal was finalized in april 1999 for 450 million 34 to this day fairchild remains an important supplier for samsung 35 in august 1999 fairchild semiconductor again became a publicly traded company on the new york stock exchange with the ticker symbol fcs fairchild s south portland maine and mountaintop pennsylvania locations are the longest continuously operating semiconductor manufacturing facilities in the world both operating since 1960 citation needed 2000s edit on march 19 2001 fairchild semiconductor announced that it had completed the acquisition of intersil corporation s discrete power business for approximately 338 million in cash the acquisition moved fairchild into position as the second largest power mosfet supplier in the world representing a 20 percent share of this 3 billion market that grew 40 percent last year when on september 6 2001 fairchild semiconductor announced the acquisition of impala linear corporation based in san jose california for approximately 6 million in stock and cash impala brought with it expertise in designing analog power management semiconductors for hand held devices like laptops mp3 players cell phones portable test equipment and pdas on january 9 2004 fairchild semiconductor ceo kirk pond was appointed as a director of the federal reserve bank of boston elected by member banks to serve a three year term 36 on april 13 2005 fairchild announced appointment of mark thompson as ceo of the corporation thompson would also be president chief executive officer and a member of the board of directors of fairchild semiconductor international he originally joined fairchild as executive vice president manufacturing and technology group 37 on march 15 2006 fairchild semiconductor announced that kirk p pond would retire as chairman at the company s annual stockholders meeting on may 3 2006 pond would continue as a member of the company s board of directors 38 mark thompson then ceo became chairman on september 1 2007 new jersey based rf semiconductor supplier anadigics acquired fairchild semiconductor s rf design team located in tyngsboro massachusetts for 2 4 million 2010s edit in april 2011 fairchild semiconductor acquired transic a silicon carbide power transistor company originally based in sweden on november 18 2015 on semiconductor made an offer to acquire fairchild semiconductor for 2 4 billion or 20 per share after a few months of speculation that fairchild was seeking a potential buyer on april 10 2016 fairchild semiconductor moved its headquarters from san jose 3030 orchard pkwy to sunnyvale 1272 borregas ave on september 19 2016 on semiconductor and fairchild semiconductor jointly announced that on semiconductor had completed its announced 2 4 billion cash acquisition of fairchild in the fall of 2016 the fairchild on semiconductor international closed the west jordan utah manufacturing plant 39 alumni edit gil amelio julius blank lee boysel ron brachman wilfred corrigan alan l davis richard o duda james m early federico faggin jack gifford victor grinich andrew grove peter e hart jean hoerni lester hogan eugene kleiner pierre lamond hector levesque richard f lyon gordon moore robert noyce stav prodromou chih tang sah jerry sanders ed turney leslie l vadász frank wanlass bob widlar andrew witkin don valentine see also edit fairchild aircraft references edit a b about fairchild overview of fairchild semiconductor com...