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ent takes place in seven index register mode if the three bit tag field is not zero it selects just one of seven index registers however the program can return to multiple tag mode with the instruction enter multiple tag mode 7 55 restoring 7090 compatibility in april 1964 the first 7094 ii was installed which had almost twice as much general speed as the 7094 due to a faster clock cycle dual memory banks and improved overlap of instruction execution an early instance of pipelined design 8 ibm 7040 7044 edit main article ibm 7040 in 1963 ibm introduced two new lower cost machines called the ibm 7040 and 7044 they have a 36 bit architecture based on the 7090 but with some instructions omitted or optional and simplified input output that allows the use of more modern higher performance peripherals from the ibm 1400 series 7094 7044 direct coupled system edit the 7094 7044 direct coupled system dcs was initially developed by an ibm customer the aerospace corporation seeking greater cost efficiency and scheduling flexibility than ibm s ibsys tape operating system provided dcs used a less expensive ibm 7044 to handle input output i o with the 7094 performing mostly computation aerospace developed the direct couple operating system an extension to ibsys which was shared with other ibm customers ibm later introduced the dcs as a product 9 10 transistors and circuitry edit the 7090 used more than 50 000 germanium alloy junction transistors and faster germanium diffused junction 11 drift transistors 12 the 7090 used the standard modular system sms cards using current mode logic 13 some using diffused junction drift transistors 11 instruction and data formats edit the basic instruction format were the same as the ibm 709 a three bit opcode prefix 15 bit decrement d three bit tag t and 15 bit address y a twelve bit opcode two bit flag f four unused bits three bit tag t and 15 bit address y variations of the above with different allocation of bits 12 17 or different allocations of bits 18 35 the documentation of opcodes used signed octal the flag field indicated whether to use indirect addressing or not the decrement field often contained an immediate operand to modify the results of the operation or was used to further define the instruction type the tag field might describe an index register to be operated on or be used as described below the y field might contain an address an immediate operand or an opcode modifier for instructions where the tag field indicated indexing the operation was t 0 use y 7090 form the logical or of the selected index registers and subtract from y 7094 in multiple tag mode power on default same as 7090 7094 in seven index register mode subtract the index register from y if there was no f field or f is not all one bits then the above was the effective address otherwise it was an indirect effective address i e fetch the word at that location and treat the t and y fields as described above data formats are fixed point numbers were stored in binary sign magnitude format single precision floating point numbers had a magnitude sign an eight bit excess 128 exponent and a 27 bit magnitude numbers were binary rather than the hexadecimal format introduced later for system 360 double precision floating point numbers introduced on the 7094 had a magnitude sign an eight bit excess 128 exponent and a 54 bit magnitude the double precision number was stored in memory in an even odd pair of consecutive words the sign and exponent in the second word were ignored when the number was used as an operand alphanumeric characters were six bit bcd packed six to a word octal notation was used in documentation and programming console displays lights and switches were grouped into three bit fields for easy conversion to and from octal input output edit ibm 7090 operator s console at the nasa ames research center in 1961 with two banks of ibm 729 magnetic tape drives the card reader is in front of the man and woman at right the 7090 series features a data channel architecture for input and output a forerunner of modern direct memory access i o up to eight data channels can be attached with up to ten ibm 729 tape drives attached to each channel the data channels have their own very limited set of operations called commands these are used with tape and later disk storage as well as card units and printers and offered high performance for the time printing and punched card i o however employed the same modified unit record equipment introduced with the 704 and was slow it became common to use a less expensive ibm 1401 computer to read cards onto magnetic tape for transfer to the 7090 94 output would be written onto tape and transferred to the 1401 for printing or card punching using its much faster peripherals notably the ibm 1403 line printer later ibm introduced the 7094 7044 direct coupled system the 7044 handled spooling between its fast 1400 series peripherals and 1301 or 1302 disk files and used data channel to data channel communication as the 7094 s interface to spooled data with the 7094 primarily performing computations there is also a 7090 7040 dcs software edit the 7090 and 7094 machines were quite successful for their time and had a wide variety of software provided for them by ibm in addition there was a very active user community within the user organization share ibsys is a heavy duty production operating system with numerous subsystem and language support options among them fortran cobol sort merge the map assembler and others fms the fortran monitor system was a more lightweight but still very effective system optimized for batch fortran and assembler programming the assembler provided fap fortran assembly program was somewhat less complete than map but provided excellent capabilities for the era fms also incorporated a considerably enhanced derivative of the fortran compiler originally written for the 704 by backus and his team notable applications edit dual 7090s at nasa during project mercury the compatible time sharing system ctss the first general purpose time sharing operating system 14 developed at mit s computation center on three successive computers an ibm 709 7090 and 7094 with rpqs for additional features it eventually ran on two separate 7094s one of them at project mac 15 16 17 nasa used 7090s and later 7094s to control the mercury and gemini space flights goddard space flight center operated three 7094s during the early apollo program a 7094 was kept operational to run flight planning software that had not yet been ported to mission control s newer system 360 computers citation needed caltech nasa jet propulsion laboratory had three 7094s in the space flight operations facility sfof building 230 fed via tape using several 1401s and two 7094 7044 direct coupled systems in buildings 125 and 156 under discussion erhard glatzel used an ibm 7090 to assist in calculations for the design of the zeiss planar 50mm f 0 7 lens commissioned by nasa this lens was also used by stanley kubrick to shoot candlelit scenes in barry lyndon 18 an ibm 7090 was installed at lasl los alamos scientific laboratory now los alamos national laboratory in 1961 alexander hurwitz used a 7090 to discover two mersenne primes with 1 281 and 1 332 digits the largest known prime number at the time in 1961 michael minovitch used ucla s 7090 to tackle the three body problem his research was the scientific foundation of nasa s planetary grand tour project 19 on february 13 1961 an ibm 7090 was installed at the woomera long range weapons establishment in southern australia 20 21 in 1962 a pair of 7090s in briarcliff manor new york were the basis for the original version of the sabre airlines reservation system introduced by american airlines the composer iannis xenakis wrote his piece atrées using an ibm 7090 at place vendôme paris in 1962 daniel shanks and john wrench used an ibm 7090 to compute the first 100 000 digits of π 22 in 1963 three 7090 systems were imported into and installed in japan one each at mitsubishi nuclear power co whose dp division later merged with mitsubishi research institute inc ibm japan s data center in tokyo and toshiba in kawasaki they were mainly used for scientific computing in 1964 an early version of trace a high precision orbit determination and orbit propagation program was used on an ibm 7090 computer 23 operation match the first computer dating service in the u s begun in 1965 used a 7090 at the avco service bureau in wilmington massachusetts 24 in 1967 roger n shepard adapted m v mathews algorithm using an ibm 7090 to synthesize shepard tones 25 the us air force retired its last 7090s in service from the ballistic missile early warning system bmews in the 1980s after almost 30 years of use 7090 serial number 1 and serial number 3 were installed at thule air base in greenland for this application the us navy continued to use a 7094 at pacific missile test center point mugu california through much of the 1980s although a retirement ceremony was held in july 1982 not all of the applications had been ported clarify to its successor clarify a dual processor cdc cyber 175 citation needed in the media edit a 7090 1401 installation is featured in the motion picture dr strangelove with the 1403 printer playing a pivotal role in the plot an ibm 7090 is featured in the 2016 american biographical film hidden figures ibm 7094 specs are visible scrolling on a screen in the 1997 film event horizon see also edit 9pac early ibm disk storage ibm 701 ibm 704 ibm 709 ibm 711 card reader ibm 716 line printer ibm 729 tape drive share and ibsys operating systems squoze univac 1100 2200 series univac s 36 bit scientific computing family university of michigan executive system list of ibm products references edit ibm states the first 7090 was installed in december 1959 at 7090 data processing system bailey david n d performance of future high end computers researchgate p 4 retrieved april 16 2022 pugh emerson w johnson lyle r palmer john h 1991 ibm s 360 and early 370 systems mit press p 36 isbn 0 262 16123 0 7090 data processing system ibm n d retrieved april 16 2022 7094 data processing system ibm n d retrieved april 16 2022 the ibm 7094 a b c ibm 7094 principles of operation pdf ibm october 21 1966 a22 6703 4 ibm 7094 model ii data processing system pdf ibm a22 6760 patrick robert l van vranken richard k february 2009 the direct couple for the ibm 7090 software preservation group computer history museum e c smith september december 1963 a directly coupled multiprocessing system ibm systems journal 2 3 218 229 doi 10 1147 sj 23 0218 a b sms dbzv two way and type b 7090 data processing system sms aa two way and current mode singh jai p morgan robert p october 1971 educational computer utilization and computer communications pdf report st louis mo washington university p 13 national aeronautics and space administration grant no y ngl 26 008 054 retrieved march 8 2022 much of the early development in the time sharing field took place on university campuses 8 notable examples are the ctss compatible time sharing system at mit which was the first general purpose time sharing system ibm 7094 hardware modifications for ctss rpqs massachusetts institute of technology n d retrieved march 29 2022 the ibm 7094 and ctss also contains links to many original ctss documents crisman p a ed december 31 1969 the compatible time sharing system a programmer s guide pdf the m i t computation center retrieved march 10 2022 omaggio all riley christopher campbell dallas 23 october 2012 the maths that made voyager possible bbc news morton peter 1989 fire across the desert woomera and the anglo australian joint project 1946 1980 canberra australian government publishing service isbn 0644475005 morton peter 1989 fire across the desert woomera and the anglo australian joint project 1946 1980 pdf digitised 2017 canberra agps press isbn 0 6481804 0 9 shanks d wrench jr j w 1962 calculation of π to 100 000 decimals mathematics of computation american mathematical society 16 77 76 99 doi 10 2307 2003813 jstor 2003813 mercer r j 1964 trace aerospace orbit determination program defense technical information center mathews t jay november 3 1965 operation match the harvard crimson retrieved july 22 2020 roger n shepard december 1964 circularity in judgements of relative pitch pdf journal of the acoustical society of america 36 12 2346 53 bibcode 1964asaj 36 2346s doi 10 1121 1 1919362 further reading edit reference manual ibm 7090 data processing system pdf ibm march 1962 a22 6528 4 sherman philip m 1963 written at bell telephone laboratories murray hill new jersey usa programming and coding the ibm 709 7090 7094 computers pdf 1 ed new york london sydney john wiley sons inc archived pdf from the original on 2020 06 18 retrieved 2020 06 18 external links edit ibm archives 7090 ibm 7090 data processing system from brl61 report ibm 7090 94 architecture page ibm 7090 music from mathematics recorded in 1960 by bell labs using the digital to sound transducer to realize several traditional and original compositions this album contains the original daisy bicycle built for two ibm 7094 singing daisy mp3 bob supnik s simh project includes a simulator for the 7090 7094 in a user modifiable package dave pitts ibm 7090 support includes a simulator cross assembler and linker the ibm 7094 and ctss tom van vleck records preceded by an fsq 7 world s most powerful computer 1960 succeeded by univac larc authority control national libraries israel united states retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title ibm_7090 oldid 1089446104 categories ibm transistorized computers ibm 700 7000 series computer related introductions in 1959 36 bit computers hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from may 2013 articles with unsourced statements from june 2010 all wikipedia articles needing clarification wikipedia articles needing clarification from april 2022 articles with unsourced statements from april 2022 cs1 location test articles with j9u identifiers articles with lccn identifiers navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk english views read edit view history more search navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file tools what links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page information cite this page wikidata item print export download as pdf printable version languages català español italiano 日本語 norsk bokmål português русский українська 中文 edit links this page was last edited on 23 may 2022 at 20 57 utc text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike license 3 0 additional 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