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right to use certain ibm brand names for an initial period of five years as a result of the purchase lenovo inherited a product line that featured the thinkpad a line of laptops that had been one of ibm s most successful products wi fi lcd monitor flash memory edit in the early 21st century wi fi began to become increasingly popular as many consumers started installing their own wireless home networks many of today s laptops and desktop computers are sold pre installed with wireless cards and antennas also in the early 21st century lcd monitors became the most popular technology for computer monitors with crt production being slowed down lcd monitors are typically sharper brighter and more economical than crt monitors the first decade of the 21st century also saw the rise of multi core processors see following section and flash memory once limited to high end industrial use due to expense these technologies are now mainstream and available to consumers in 2008 the macbook air and asus eee pc were released laptops that dispense with an optical drive and hard drive entirely relying on flash memory for storage local area networks edit the invention in the late 1970s of local area networks lans notably ethernet allowed pcs to communicate with each other peer to peer and with shared printers as the microcomputer revolution continued more robust versions of the same technology were used to produce microprocessor based servers that could also be linked to the lan this was facilitated by the development of server operating systems to run on the intel architecture including several versions of both unix and microsoft windows multiprocessing edit in may 2005 intel and amd released their first dual core 64 bit processors the pentium d and the athlon 64 x2 respectively multi core processors can be programmed and reasoned about using symmetric multiprocessing smp techniques known since the 60s see the smp article for details apple switches to intel in 2006 also thereby gaining multiprocessing in 2013 a xeon phi extension card is released with 57 x86 cores at a price of 1695 equalling circa 30 dollars per core pci e edit pci express is released in 2003 it becomes the most commonly used bus in pc compatible desktop computers cheap 3d graphics edit the rise of cheap 3d accelerators displaced low end products of silicon graphics sgi which went bankrupt in 2009 silicon graphics was a major 3d business that had grown annual revenues of 5 4 million to 3 7 billion from 1984 to 1997 61 the addition of 3d graphic capabilities to pcs and the ability of clusters of linux and bsd based pcs to take on many of the tasks of larger sgi servers ate into sgi s core markets three former sgi employees had founded 3dfx in 1994 their voodoo graphics extension card relied on pci to provide cheap 3d graphics for pc s towards the end of 1996 the cost of edo dram dropped significantly a card consisted of a dac a frame buffer processor and a texture mapping unit along with 4 mb of edo dram the ram and graphics processors operated at 50 mhz it provided only 3d acceleration and as such the computer also needed a traditional video controller for conventional 2d software nvidia bought 3dfx in 2000 in 2000 nvidia grew revenues 96 62 sgi had made opengl control of the specification was passed to the khronos group in 2006 sdram edit in 1993 samsung introduced its km48sl2000 synchronous dram and by 2000 sdram had replaced virtually all other types of dram in modern computers because of its greater performance for more information see synchronous dynamic random access memory sdram history double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory ddr sdram is introduced in 2000 compared to its predecessor in pc clones single data rate sdr sdram the ddr sdram interface makes higher transfer rates possible by more strict control of the timing of the electrical data and clock signals acpi edit released in december 1996 acpi replaced advanced power management apm the multiprocessor specification and the plug and play bios pnp specification 63 internally acpi advertises the available components and their functions to the operating system kernel using instruction lists methods provided through the system firmware unified extensible firmware interface uefi or bios which the kernel parses acpi then executes the desired operations such as the initialization of hardware components using an embedded minimal virtual machine first generation acpi hardware had issues 64 windows 98 first edition disabled acpi by default except on a whitelist of systems 2010s edit semiconductor fabrication edit in 2011 intel announced the commercialisation of tri gate transistor 65 the tri gate design is a variant of the finfet 3d structure finfet was developed in the 1990s by chenming hu and his colleagues at uc berkeley 66 through silicon via is used in high bandwidth memory hbm a successor of ddr sdram hbm was released in 2013 in 2016 and 2017 intel tsmc and samsung begin releasing 10 nanometer chips at the 10 nm scale quantum tunneling especially through gaps becomes a significant phenomenon 67 2020s edit in may 2022 chinese officials ordered government agencies and state backed companies to remove personal computers produced by american corporations and replace them with equipment from domestic companies the state mandated order is expected to result in the removal of about 50 million computers with hp and dell expected to lose the most future business from the mandate 68 market size edit in 2001 125 million personal computers were shipped in comparison to 48 000 in 1977 more than 500 million pcs were in use in 2002 and one billion personal computers had been sold worldwide since mid 1970s till this time of the latter figure 75 percent were professional or work related while the rest sold for personal or home use about 81 5 percent of pcs shipped had been desktop computers 16 4 percent laptops and 2 1 percent servers united states had received 38 8 percent 394 million of the computers shipped europe 25 percent and 11 7 percent had gone to asia pacific region the fastest growing market as of 2002 69 almost half of all the households in western europe had a personal computer and a computer could be found in 40 percent of homes in united kingdom compared with only 13 percent in 1985 70 the third quarter of 2008 marked the first time laptops outsold desktop pcs in the united states 71 as of june 2008 the number of personal computers worldwide in use hit one billion mature markets like the united states western europe and japan accounted for 58 percent of the worldwide installed pcs about 180 million pcs 16 percent of the existing installed base were expected to be replaced and 35 million to be dumped into landfill in 2008 the whole installed base grew 12 percent annually 72 73 see also edit history of laptops history of mobile phones history of software timeline of electrical and electronic engineering computer museum and personal computer museum expensive desk calculator mit computer science and artificial intelligence laboratory educ 8 a 1974 pre microprocessor micro computer mark 8 a 1974 microprocessor based microcomputer programma 101 a 1965 programmable calculator with some attributes of a personal computer scelbi another 1974 microcomputer simon computer a 1949 demonstration of computing principles list of pioneers in computer science references edit pocket computer may replace shopping list the new york times 3 november 1962 9100a desktop calculator 1968 pdf hewlett packard retrieved 13 february 2008 cite journal cite journal requires journal help hewlett packard 25 october 1966 restoring the balance between analysis and computation pdf science magazine 169 3852 409 retrieved 13 february 2008 shapiro f r shapiro f r december 2000 annals of the history of computing ieee annals of the history of computing ieee journal 22 4 70 71 doi 10 1109 mahc 2000 887997 helmers carl october 1975 what is byte byte pp 4 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as long as anyone can remember a ...