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uring world war ii gsi expanded its services to include electronics for the u s army army signal corps and u s navy in 1951 the company changed its name to texas instruments spun off to build seismographs for oil explorations 20 and with gsi becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of the new company an early success story for ti gsi came in 1965 when gsi was able under a top secret government contract to monitor the soviet union s underground nuclear weapons testing under the ocean in vela uniform a subset of project vela to verify compliance of the partial nuclear test ban treaty 21 texas instruments also continued to manufacture equipment for use in the seismic industry and gsi continued to provide seismic services after selling and repurchasing gsi ti finally sold the company to halliburton in 1988 after which sale gsi ceased to exist as a separate entity semiconductors edit in early 1952 texas instruments purchased a patent license to produce germanium transistors from western electric the manufacturing arm of at t for 25 000 beginning production by the end of the year haggerty brought gordon teal to the company due to his expertise in growing semiconductor crystals while at bell telephone laboratories teal s first assignment was to direct ti s research laboratory at the end of 1952 texas instruments announced that it had expanded to 2 000 employees and 17 million in sales 22 among his new hires was willis adcock who joined ti early in 1953 adcock who like teal was a physical chemist began leading a small research group focused on the task of fabricating grown junction silicon single crystal small signal transistors 23 adcock later became the first ti principal fellow 24 first silicon transistor and integrated circuits edit transistorized logic chip an integrated circuit produced by ti in january 1954 morris tanenbaum at bell telephone laboratories created the first workable silicon transistor 23 this work was reported in the spring of 1954 at the ire off the record conference on solid state devices and was later published in the journal of applied physics working independently in april 1954 gordon teal at ti created the first commercial silicon transistor and tested it on april 14 1954 on may 10 1954 at the institute of radio engineers national conference on airborne electronics in dayton ohio teal presented a paper some recent developments in silicon and germanium materials and devices 25 in 1954 texas instruments designed and manufactured the first transistor radio the regency tr 1 used germanium transistors as silicon transistors were much more expensive at the time this was an effort by haggerty to increase market demand for transistors jack kilby an employee at ti invented the integrated circuit in 1958 26 kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in july 1958 and successfully demonstrated the world s first working integrated circuit on september 12 1958 27 six months later robert noyce of fairchild semiconductor who went on to co found intel independently developed the integrated circuit with integrated interconnect and is also considered an inventor of the integrated circuit 28 in 1969 kilby was awarded the national medal of science and in 1982 he was inducted into the national inventor s hall of fame 29 kilby also won the 2000 nobel prize in physics for his part of the invention of the integrated circuit 30 noyce s chip made at fairchild was made of silicon while kilby s chip was made of germanium in 2008 ti named its new development laboratory kilby labs after jack kilby 31 in 2011 intel samsung lg st ericsson huawei s hisilicon technologies subsidiary via telecom and three other undisclosed chipmakers licensed the c2c link specification developed by arteris inc and texas instruments 32 standard ttl edit texas instruments and other brands of 7400 series ttl and cmos logic texas instruments speak spell using a tmc0280 speech synthesizer ti 30 electronic calculator 1976 the 7400 series of transistor transistor logic chips developed by texas instruments in the 1960s popularized the use of integrated circuits in computer logic the military grade version of this was the 5400 series 33 microprocessor edit texas instruments invented the hand held calculator a prototype called cal tech in 1967 and the single chip microcomputer in 1971 was assigned the first patent on a single chip microprocessor invented by gary boone on september 4 1973 34 this was disputed by gilbert hyatt formerly of the micro computer company in august 1990 when he was awarded a patent superseding ti s this was overturned on june 19 1996 in favor of ti 35 note intel is usually given credit with texas instruments for the almost simultaneous invention of the microprocessor first speech synthesis chip edit in 1978 texas instruments introduced the first single chip linear predictive coding speech synthesizer 36 in 1976 ti began a feasibility study of memory intensive applications for bubble memory then being developed they soon focused on speech applications this resulted in the development the tmc0280 one chip linear predictive coding speech synthesizer which was the first time a single silicon chip had electronically replicated the human voice 37 38 this was used in several ti commercial products beginning with speak spell which was introduced at the summer consumer electronics show in june 1978 in 2001 ti left the speech synthesis business selling it to sensory inc of santa clara california 39 consumer electronics and computers edit in may 1954 texas instruments designed and built a prototype of the world s first transistor radio and through a partnership with industrial development engineering associates of indianapolis indiana the 100 solid state radio was sold to the public beginning in october of that year 40 in the 1960s company president pat haggerty had a team that included jack kilby to work on a handheld calculator project kilby and two other colleagues created the cal tech a three pound battery powered calculator that could do basic math and fit six digit numbers on its display this 4 25 x 6 15 x 1 75 inch calculator s processor would originate the vast majority of texas instruments revenue 20 in 1973 the handheld calculator sr 10 named after slide rule and in 1974 the handheld scientific calculator sr 50 were issued by ti both had red led segments numeric displays the optical design of the sr 50 is somewhat similar to the hp 35 edited by hewlett packard before in early 1972 but buttons for the operations are in the right of the number block and the decimal point lies between two neighboring digits ti continued to be active in the consumer electronics market through the 1970s and 1980s early on this also included two digital clock models one for desk and the other a bedside alarm from this sprang what became the time products division which made led watches though these led watches enjoyed early commercial success due to excellent quality it was short lived due to poor battery life leds were replaced with lcd watches for a short time but these could not compete because of styling issues excessive makes and models and price points the watches were manufactured in dallas and then lubbock texas several spin offs of the speak spell such as the speak read and speak math were introduced soon thereafter 41 in 1979 ti entered the home computer market with the ti 99 4 a competitor to such entries as the apple ii tandy radio shack trs 80 and the later atari 400 800 series and commodore vic 20 it discontinued the ti 99 4a 1981 the sequel to the 99 4 in late 1983 amid an intense price war waged primarily against commodore at the 1983 winter ces ti showed models 99 2 and the compact computer 40 cc 40 the latter aimed at professional users the ti professional 1983 ultimately joined the ranks of the many unsuccessful dos and x86 based but non compatible 42 competitors to the ibm pc the founders of compaq an early leader in pc compatibles all came from ti the company for years successfully made and sold pc compatible laptops before withdrawing from the market and selling its product line to acer in 1998 43 defense electronics edit ti operated this convair 240 on experimental work in the 1980s fitted with a modified extended nose section ti entered the defense electronics market in 1942 with submarine detection equipment 44 based on the seismic exploration technology previously developed for the oil industry the division responsible for these products was known at different times as the laboratory manufacturing division the apparatus division the equipment group and the defense systems electronics group dseg during the early 1980s ti instituted a quality program which included juran training as well as promoting statistical process control taguchi methods and design for six sigma in the late 80s the company along with eastman kodak and allied signal began involvement with motorola institutionalizing motorola s six sigma methodology 45 motorola which originally developed the six sigma methodology began this work in 1982 in 1992 the dseg division 46 of texas instruments quality improvement efforts were rewarded by winning the malcolm baldrige national quality award for manufacturing infrared and radar systems edit ti developed the aaa 4 infrared search and track device in the late 50s and early 60s for the f 4b phantom 47 for passive scanning of jet engine emissions but it possessed limited capabilities and was eliminated on f 4ds and later models 48 in 1956 ti began research on infrared technology that led to several line scanner contracts and with the addition of a second scan mirror the invention of the first forward looking infrared flir in 1963 with production beginning in 1966 in 1972 ti invented the common module flir 49 concept greatly reducing cost and allowing reuse of common components ti went on to produce side looking radar systems the first terrain following radar and surveillance radar systems for both the military and faa ti demonstrated the first solid state radar called molecular electronics for radar applications 50 in 1976 ti developed a microwave landing system prototype in 1984 ti developed the first inverse synthetic aperture radar the first single chip gallium arsenide radar module was developed in 1991 the military microwave integrated circuit 51 program was initiated a joint effort with raytheon citation needed missiles and laser guided bombs edit in 1961 ti won the guidance and control system contract for the defense suppression agm 45 shrike antiradiation missile this led later to the prime on the high speed antiradiation missile agm 88 harm development contract in 1974 and production in 1981 citation needed in 1964 ti began development of the first laser guidance system for precision guided munitions leading to the paveway series of laser guided bombs lgbs the first lgb was the bolt 117 citation needed in 1969 ti won the harpoon missile seeker contract in 1986 ti won the army fgm 148 javelin fire and forget man portable antitank guided missile in a joint venture with martin marietta in 1991 ti was awarded the contract for the agm 154 joint standoff weapon 52 in 1988 ti paid the u s government 5 2 million to settle allegations one of its divisions overcharged the government on contracts for guided missiles sold to the navy 53 military computers edit see also military computers because of ti s research and development of military temperature range silicon transistors and integrated circuits ics ti won contracts for the first ic based computer for the u s air force in 1961 molecular electronic computer 54 and for ics for the minuteman missile the following year in 1968 ti developed the data systems for mariner program in 1991 ti won the f 22 radar and computer development contract divestiture to raytheon edit as the defense industry consolidated ti sold its defense business to the raytheon company in 1997 for 2 95 billion 55 the department of justice required that raytheon divest the ti monolithic microwave integrated circuit mmic operations after closing the transaction 56 the ti mmic business accounted for less than 40 million in 1996 revenues or roughly 2 of the 1 8 billion in total ti defense revenues and was sold to triquint semiconductor inc raytheon retained its own existing mmic capabilities and has the right to license ti s mmic technology for use in future product applications from triquint 57 shortly after raytheon acquired ti dseg raytheon then acquired hughes aircraft from general motors raytheon then owned ti s mercury cadmium telluride detector business and infrared ir systems group in california it also had hughes infrared detector and an ir systems business when again the us government forced raytheon to divest itself of a duplicate capability the company kept the ti ir systems business and the hughes detector business as a result of these acquisitions these former arch rivals of ti systems and hughes detectors work together 58 immediately after acquisition dseg was known as raytheon ti systems rtis 59 it is now fully integrated into raytheon and this designation no longer exists artificial intelligence edit ti was active in the area of artificial intelligence in the 1980s in addition to ongoing developments in speech and signal processing and recognition it developed and sold the explorer computer family of lisp machines for the explorer a special 32 bit lisp microprocessor was developed which was used in the explorer ii and the ti microexplorer a lisp machine on a nubus board for the apple macintosh ai application software developed by ti for the explorer included the gate assignment system for united airlines described as an artificial intelligence program that captures the combined experience and knowledge of a half dozen united operations experts in software for the pc they introduced personal consultant a rule based expert system development tool and runtime engine followed by personal consultant plus written in the lisp like language from mit known as scheme and the natural language menu system nlmenu 60 sensors and controls edit ti was a major original equipment manufacturer of sensor control protection and rfid products for the automotive appliance aircraft and other industries the sensors controls division was headquartered in attleboro massachusetts by the mid 1980s industrial computers known as plc s programmable logic controllers were separated from sensors controls as the industrial systems division which was sold in the late 1980s to siemens in 2006 bain capital llc a private equity firm purchased the sensors controls division for 3 0 billion in cash 61 the rfid portion of the division remained part of ti transferring to the application specific products business unit of the semiconductor division with the newly formed independent company based in attleboro taking the name sensata technologies 62 software edit in 1997 ti sold its software division along with its main ...