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torque amplifier wikipedia 71 captures 01 feb 2013 28 aug 2026 jul aug sep 13 2021 2022 2023 success fail about this capture timestamps the wayback machine http web archive org web 20220813001636 https en wikipedia org wiki torque_amplifier torque amplifier from wikipedia the free encyclopedia jump to navigation jump to search a torque amplifier is a mechanical device that amplifies the torque of a rotating shaft without affecting its rotational speed it is mechanically related to the capstan seen on ships its most widely known use is in power steering on automobiles another use is on the differential analyser where it was used to increase the output torque of the otherwise limited ball and disk integrator the term is also applied to some gearboxes used on tractors although this is unrelated it differs from a torque converter in which the rotational speed of the output shaft decreases as the torque increases contents 1 history 2 principle 3 construction 4 applications 5 see also 6 references history edit the first electric powered torque amplifier was invented in 1925 by henry w nieman of the bethlehem steel company of bethlehem pennsylvania 1 it was intended to allow manual control of heavy equipment e g industrial cranes artillery etc vannevar bush used nieman s torque amplifier as part of his differential analyzer project at m i t in the early 1930s 2 lord kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators as early as the 1880s but had been stymied by the limited output torque of the ball and disk integrators 3 these integrators used a ball bearing pressed between the surface of a rotating shaft and a disk transmitting the rotational force of the shaft to the disk by moving the ball along the shaft the speed of the disk could be smoothly varied the torque on the output shaft was limited by the friction between the bearing and the disk and as these were generally made out of friction limiting metals such as bronze to allow smooth motion the output torque was quite low some calculating devices could use the output directly and kelvin and others built several systems but in the case of a differential analyzer the output of one integrator drove the input of the next integrator or a graphing output the torque amplifier was the advance that allowed these machines to work principle edit a capstan on a sailing ship this model is manually driven by inserting long beams in the holes seen at the top a torque amplifier is essentially two capstans connected together a capstan consists of a drum that is connected to a powerful rotary source typically the steam engine of the ship or an electric motor in modern examples to use the device a rope is wrapped a few turns around the drum with one end attached to a load and the other hand held by the user initially the rope has little tension and slips easily as the drum turns however if the user pulls on their end of the rope the tension increases increasing friction between the rope and the drum now the entire torque of the driver is applied to the other end of the rope pulling the load if the user does nothing the capstan will briefly pull the load toward itself thereby loosening the rope and stopping further motion if the user instead takes up the slack the tension is maintained and the load continues to be pulled in this way the user can easily control the motion of a very large load 4 construction edit a torque amplifier consists of two capstans pointed at each other with a single rope around both the arm transmits tension from one drum to the other and drives the output shaft a typical torque amplifier consists of two capstans positioned end to end along a common line of rotation typically horizontal a single source of torque is supplied typically from an electric motor which is geared to power the two drums to spin in opposite directions a single rope or band is wrapped around the two drums if tension is applied to one end of the rope its capstan pulls on it which in turn tensions the output like the single capstan the motion starts and stops as soon as the tension is applied or released but generally the motion is smooth with varying degrees of torque being applied to the input 4 running through the middle of the drums are two separate shafts for input and output both end with a cam obscured in the attached sketch which via a follower and a rocking arm holds one end of each rope if the input shaft rotates from the null position its cam raises or lowers the input follower which via the rocking input arm tensions the rope on one drum and slackens the other in that state one drum applies much greater traction than the other resulting in both the output shaft and a cage mounting the input and output arms moving to track the input as soon as the cage and the output shaft have moved to the correct position the tension in the two ropes regains equilibrium and relative motion stops in this way the motion of the output shaft closely tracks the motion of the input although the torque applied to it is the torque of the motor driving the system as opposed to the much smaller torque applied to the input shaft 4 applications edit early autopilot units designed by elmer ambrose sperry incorporated a mechanical amplifier using belts wrapped around rotating drums a slight increase in the tension of the belt caused the drum to move the belt a paired opposing set of such drives made up a single amplifier this amplified small gyro errors into signals large enough to move aircraft control surfaces a similar mechanism was used in the vannevar bush differential analyzer the electrostatic drum amplifier used a band wrapped partway around a rotating drum and fixed at its anchored end to a spring the other end connected to a speaker cone the input signal was transformed up to high voltage and added to a high voltage dc supply line this voltage was connected between drum and belt thus the input signal varied the electric field between belt and drum and thus the friction between them and thus the amount of lateral movement of the belt and thus speaker cone see also edit servomechanism torque converter references edit citations see henry w nieman servo mechanism u s patent no 1 751 645 filed january 25 1925 issued march 25 1930 henry w nieman servo mechanism u s patent no 1 751 647 filed january 8 1926 issued march 25 1930 henry w nieman synchronous amplifying control mechanism u s patent no 1 751 652 filed january 8 1926 issued march 25 1930 nieman henry w 1927 bethlehem torque amplifier american machinist 66 21 895 897 nieman henry w 1927 backlash eliminator mechanical device that is vital to the functioning of the bethlehem torque amplifier american machinist 66 921 924 david hemmendinger and anthony ralston differential analyser encyclopedia of computer science 2nd edition john wiley sons 2003 ray girvan the revealed grace of the mechanism computing after babbage archived november 3 2012 at the wayback machine scientific computing world may june 2003 a b c adam eppendahl torque amplifier notes 13 june 2002 further reading william irwin july 2009 differential analyser explained retrieved 2013 02 02 michael adler meccano torque amplifier retrieved 2013 02 02 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title torque_amplifier oldid 1094822233 categories mechanical power control mechanical power transmission mechanical amplifiers hidden categories webarchive template wayback links navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk english views read edit view history more search navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file tools what links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page information cite this page wikidata item print export download as pdf printable version languages add links 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