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actually faster and easier to do with a pocket calculator and a box of index cards 77 incider observed that companies cannot live by dilettantes alone 78 gutman wrote that when the first computer boom ended in 1984 suddenly everybody was saying that the home computer was a fad just another hula hoop 79 robert lydon publisher of personal computing stated in 1985 that the home market never really existed it was a fad just about everyone who was going to buy a computer for their home has done it and predicted that apple would cease to exist within two years 80 a backlash set in computer users were geeks nerds or worse hackers the video game crash of 1983 soured many on home computer technology as users saw large investments in the technology of the future turn into dead ends when manufacturers pulled out of the market or went out of business the computers that were bought for use in the family room were either forgotten in closets or relegated to basements and children s bedrooms to be used exclusively for games and the occasional book report home computers of the 1980s have been called a technology in search of a use 81 in 1984 tandy executive steve leininger designer of the trs 80 model i admitted that as an industry we haven t found any compelling reason to buy a computer for the home other than for word processing 82 a 1985 study found that during a typical week 40 of adult computer owners did not use their computers at all usage rates among children were higher with households reporting that only 16 20 of children aged 6 17 did not use the computer during a typical week 83 it would take another 10 years for technology to mature for the graphical user interface to make the computer approachable for non technical users and for the world wide web to provide a compelling reason for most people to want a computer in their homes separate 1998 studies found that 75 of americans with internet access accessed primarily from home and that not having internet access at home inhibited internet use 83 predicted aspects of the revolution were left by the wayside or modified in the face of an emerging reality the cost of electronics dropped precipitously and today many families have a computer for each family member although shared desktop machines are still common encyclopedias recipe catalogs and medical databases are kept online and accessed over the world wide web not stored locally on floppy disks or cd rom tv has yet to gain substantial interactivity instead the web has evolved alongside television giving rise to the second screen concept the htpc and services like netflix google tv or apple tv along with internet video sites such as youtube and hulu may one day replace traditional broadcast and cable television 84 our coffee may be brewed automatically every morning but the computer is a simple one embedded in the coffee maker not under external control as of 2008 robots are just beginning to make an impact in the home with roomba and aibo leading the charge this delay wasn t out of keeping with other technologies newly introduced to an unprepared public early motorists were widely derided with the cry of get a horse 85 until the automobile was accepted television languished in research labs for decades before regular public broadcasts began in an example of changing applications for technology before the invention of radio the telephone was used to distribute opera and news reports whose subscribers were denounced as illiterate blind bedridden and incurably lazy people 86 likewise the acceptance of computers into daily life today is a product of continuing refinement of both technology and perception use in the 21st century edit retrocomputing is the use of vintage hardware possibly performing modern tasks such as surfing the web and email as programming techniques evolved and these systems were well understood after decades of use it became possible to write software giving home computers capabilities undreamed of by their designers the contiki os implements a gui and tcp ip stack on the apple ii commodore 8 bit and atari st 16 bit platforms allowing these home computers to function as both internet clients and servers 87 the commodore 64 has been repackaged as the c one and c64 direct to tv both designed by jeri ellsworth with modern enhancements 88 throughout the 1990s and 1st decade of the 21st century many home computer systems were available inexpensively at garage sales and on ebay many enthusiasts started to collect home computers with older and rarer systems being much sought after sometimes the collections turned into a virtual museum presented on web sites 89 as their often inexpensively manufactured hardware ages and the supply of replacement parts dwindles it has become popular among enthusiasts 90 to emulate these machines recreating their software environments 91 on modern computers one of the more well known emulators is the multi emulator super system mess which can emulate most of the better known home computers a more or less complete list of home computer emulators can be found in the list of computer system emulators article games for many 8 and 16 bit home computers became available for the wii virtual console notable home computers edit further information on home computer models list of home computers see also market share of personal computer vendors the 1977 apple ii with two disk ii disk drives and an apple monitor the time line below describes many of the most popular or significant home computers of the late 1970s and of the 1980s the most popular home computers in the usa up to 1985 were the trs 80 1977 various models of the apple ii family first introduced in 1977 the atari 400 800 1979 along with its follow up models the 800xl and 130xe and the commodore vic 20 1980 and the commodore 64 1982 the vic was the first computer of any type to sell over one million units and the 64 is still the highest selling single model of personal computer ever with over 17 million produced before production stopped in 1994 a 12 year run with only minor changes 92 at one point in 1983 commodore was selling as many 64s as the rest of the industry s computers combined 77 the british market was different as relatively high prices and lower disposable incomes reduced the appeal of most american products new scientist stated in 1977 that the price of an american kit in dollars rapidly translates into the same figure in pounds sterling by the time it has reached the shores of britain 93 the commodore 64 was also popular but a byte columnist stated in 1985 94 it s not easy for a u k citizen to write about home computers for an american magazine we use the term to refer to an altogether different object on our side of the atlantic in the u s a an apple ii is a home computer the ibm pc in its smaller configurations is a home computer the macintosh is a home computer home computers use floppy disks for mass storage and perform useful functions like word processing and income tax preparation as well as playing games in the u k those computers would be considered rather expensive as business computers let alone for home use home computers typically cost less than 200 about 250 and use cassette tape recorders for mass storage we have various manufacturers of our own some unheard of in the u s a even when we do have machines in common the commodore 64 i suspect that the vast majority of u s users buy the disk drive while the majority of u k users have only the cassette deck many of the british made systems like sinclair s zx81 and spectrum and later the amstrad schneider cpc were much more widely used in europe than us systems a few low cost british sinclair models were sold in the us by timex corporation as the timex sinclair 1000 and the ill fated timex sinclair 2068 but neither established a strong following the only transatlantic success was the commodore 64 which competed favorably price wise with the british systems and was the most popular system in europe as in the usa 95 96 until the introduction of the ibm pc in 1981 computers such as the apple ii and trs 80 also found considerable use in office work 97 98 in 1983 ibm introduced the pcjr in an attempt to continue their business computer success in the home computer market but incompatibilities between it and the standard pc kept users away 99 100 assisted by a large public domain software library and promotional offers from commodore the pet had a sizable presence in the north american education market until that segment was largely ceded to the apple ii as commodore focused on the c 64 s success in the mass retail market 101 1970s edit three microcomputers were the prototypes for what would later become the home computer market segment but when introduced they sold as much to hobbyists and small businesses as to the home june 1977 apple ii north america color graphics eight expansion slots one of the first computers to use a typewriter like plastic case design 102 august 1977 tandy radio shack trs 80 n am first home computer for less than us 600 used a dedicated monitor for us federal communications commission fcc rules compliance 103 october 1977 commodore pet n am first all in one computer keyboard screen tape storage built into stamped sheet metal enclosure 104 in 1977 compucolor ii although shipments did not start until the next year the compucolor ii was smaller less expensive than first model which was an upgrade kit for the company s color computer terminal turning the intecolor 8001 into the compucolor 8001 and used the newly introduced 5 25 inch floppy disks instead of the former 8 inch models 105 the following computers also introduced significant advancements to the home computer segment 1979 ti 99 4 first home computer with a 16 bit processor and first to add hardware supported sprite graphics 1979 atari 400 800 n am first computer with custom chip set and programmable video chip and built in audio output 1980s edit no computer has sold more units than the commodore 64 106 the east german robotron kc 85 1 it featured very low production quotas and a complete lack of sales channels for private consumers january 1980 sinclair zx80 available in the united kingdom for less than a hundred pounds 1980 commodore vic 20 n am under us 300 first computer of any kind to pass one million sold 1980 trs 80 color computer n am motorola 6809 optional os 9 multi user multi tasking july 1980 trs 80 model iii n am essentially a trs 80 model i repackaged in an all in one cabinet to comply with fcc regulations for radiofrequency interference to eliminate cable clutter and use only one electrical outlet some enhancements like extended character set repeating keys and real time clock june 1981 ti 99 4a based on the less successful ti 99 4 1981 sinclair zx81 europe 49 95 in kit form 69 95 pre built released as timex sinclair 1000 in us in 1982 1981 bbc micro europe premier educational computer in the uk for a decade advanced bbc basic with integrated 6502 machine code assembler and a large number of i o ports 1 5 million sold april 1982 sinclair zx spectrum europe best selling british home computer catalysed the uk software industry widely cloned by the soviet union june 1982 microbee australia initially as a kit then as a finished unit august 1982 dragon 32 uk became for a short time the best selling home micro in the united kingdom august 1982 commodore 64 n am custom graphic synthesizer chipset best selling computer model of all time 17 million sold jan 1983 apple iie apple ii enhanced reduced component count and production costs enabled high volume production until 1993 april 1983 trs 80 model 4 major upgrade compatible with model iii ran industry standard cp m updated trsdos 6 4 mhz speed 128kb ram max 80x24 screen 640x240 high res option in september the transportable luggable model 4p unveiled 1983 acorn electron a stripped down sibling of the bbc microcomputer with limited functionality the electron recovered from a slow start to become one of the more popular home computers of that era in the uk 1983 sanyo phc 25 with 16k of ram one of a number of sanyo models 1983 coleco adam one of the few home computers to be sold only as a complete system with storage device and printer cousin to the colecovision game console 1983 msx japan korea the arab league europe n s am ussr a computer reference design by ascii and microsoft produced by several companies 5 million sold in japan 1983 vtech laser 200 entry level computer aimed at being the cheapest on market also sold as salora fellow texet tx8000 dick smith vz 200 1983 oric 1 and oric atmos a home computer equipped with a full travel keyboard and an extended version of microsoft basic in rom january 1984 the apple macintosh is introduced providing many consumers their first look at a graphical user interface which would eventually replace the home computer as it was known april 1984 apple iic apple ii compact no expansion slots and built in ports for pseudo plug and play ease of use the apple ii most geared to home use to complement the apple iie s dominant education market share march 1984 ibm pcjr designed priced and marketed as a home computer for kids and teens but purchased mostly by business customers who wanted an inexpensive ibm compatible pc 1984 tiki 100 norway zilog z80 based home educational computer made by tiki data june 1984 amstrad schneider cpc 1985 amstrad schneider pcw 1985 trs 80 model 4d updated model 4 with double sided drives and deskmate productivity suite 1985 elektronika bk 0010 one of the first 16 bit home computers made in ussr 1985 robotron kc 85 1 europe one of the few 8 bit general purpose computers produced in east germany as the kc line of computers with the exception of the kc compact was not available for sale to the general public due to the strict prioritization of societal users over consumers they are not genuine home computers 1985 atari st n am first with a graphical user interface gem for less than us 1000 first with built in midi interface also 1 mb ram and 16 bit motorola 68000 processor for under us 1000 1985 msx2 the second generation of msx computers is launched worldwide they achieved the performance of high performance computers using a high speed video processor yamaha v9938 capable of handling resolutions of 512x424 pixels and 256 simultaneous colors from a palette of 512 june 1985 commodore 128 n am final most advanced 8 bit commodore retained full c64 compatibility while adding cp m in a complex multi mode architecture july 1985 commodore amiga 1000 n am custom chip set for graphics and digital audio multitasking os with both gui and cli interfaces 16 bit motorola 68000 processor initially designed as a game console but repositioned as a home computer 107 1986 apple iigs fifth and final model in the apple ii series with greatly enhanced graphics and sound abilities used a 16 bit 65c816 cpu the same as used in the super nintendo entertainment system june 1987 acorn a...