Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

edit, subtract, and, if, machine, architecture, branch, instruction, computer, navigation, bit, machines, transport, triggered, arithmetic, equal, to, zero, tools, synthesized, instructions, one, set, contents, types, see, also, references, external, links, menu, manipulating, based, turing, complete, not, less, than, or, negative, reverse, skip, borrow, cryptoleq, personal, namespaces, views, search, contribute, print, export, languages, flipjump, bitbitjump, toga, multi, copying, emulation, compilation, subneg4, example,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (181), and (92), #instruction (79), memory (47), subleq (44), machine (43), bit (38), mem (32), computer (31), edit (28), branch (27), architecture (27), instructions (26), this (25), for (25), location (25), one (23), with (22), rssb (20), not (19), turing (19), from (17), address (17), subtract (17), unit (16), arithmetic (16), are (16), that (16), can (16), result (16), oisc (15), set (15), cryptoleq (15), only (15), based (15), zero (15), transport (14), temp (14), using (13), triggered (13), machines (13), value (13), subleq2 (13), processor (11), program (11), move (11), operation (11), register (10), complete (10), also (10), which (10), content (10), than (10), equal (10), wikipedia (9), computation (9), retrieved (9), per (9), processing (9), written (9), called (9), possible (9), acc (9), program_counter (9), contents (8), execution (8), computing (8), sbn (8), has (8), else (8), then (8), there (8), tmp (8), control (7), array (7), second (7), operations (7), order (7), operand (7), stored (7), universal (7), wiki (7), encrypted (7), melzak (7), copying (7), first (7), language (7), subtraction (7), uses (7), displaystyle (7), two (7), negative (7), borrow (7), goto (7), accumulator (7), jump (7), positive (7), used (7), languages (6), articles (6), store (6), cache (6), multi (6), single (6), system (6), types (6), risc (6), doi (6), ultimate (6), 1961 (6), 2017 (6), conditional (6), into (6), example (6), accum (6), subneg (6), branching (6), may (5), was (5), links (5), article (5), more (5), 2016 (5), chip (5), model (5), design (5), performance (5), power (5), quantum (5), counter (5), buffer (5), data (5), logic (5), load (5), cellular (5), oiscs (5), mazonka (5), oleg (5), have (5), any (5), see (5), multiplication (5), addition (5), where (5), subtracts (5), reverse (5), three (5), been (5), some (5), initially (5), required (5), clear (5), skip (5), next (5), number (5), given (5), operands (5), less (5), synthesized (5), third (5), sequence (5), computers (5), text (4), use (4), page (4), september (4), simple (4), all (4), https (4), hardware (4), management (4), decoder (4), cpu (4), core (4), heterogeneous (4), out (4), automaton (4), abstract (4), integers (4), izhora (4), implementation (4), interpreters (4), media (4), reduced (4), since (4), infinite (4), abacus (4), esolang (4), computational (4), jumps (4), tilde (4), end (4), capable (4), cells (4), etc (4), perform (4), note (4), will (4), decrement (4), counters (4), many (4), higher (4), following (4), class (4), bitbitjump (4), toga (4), manipulating (4), about (3), non (3), information (3), file (3), here (3), help (3), random (3), current (3), main (3), navigation (3), categories (3), december (3), clarification (3), description (3), esoteric (3), programming (3), models (3), org (3), digital (3), microprocessor (3), general (3), purpose (3), clock (3), signal (3), integrated (3), point (3), network (3), package (3), fpga (3), task (3), algorithm (3), structural (3), mips (3), addressing (3), virtual (3), access (3), pointer (3), finite (3), variant (3), yoel (3), matveyev (3), transfer (3), implemented (3), programs (3), external (3), unencrypted (3), s2cid (3), 327 (3), 978 (3), isbn (3), such (3), 4153 (3), cmb (3), canadian (3), mathematical (3), bulletin (3), science (3), simplicity (3), its (3), both (3), 2003 (3), urisc (3), references (3), begin (3), difference (3), homomorphic (3), inversion (3), test (3), able (3), defined (3), performed (3), destination (3), other (3), another (3), skipped (3), routine (3), executed (3), ans (3), stop (3), multiply (3), after (3), arbitrary (3), real (3), pseudocode (3), subneg4 (3), unconditional (3), integer (3), pos (3), synthesize (3), code (3), like (3), bits (3), stores (3), being (3), needed (3), known (3), when (3), ual (3), flipjump (3), mobile (2), view (2), contact (2), privacy (2), policy (2), terms (2), you (2), 2022 (2), english (2), version (2), pdf (2), wikidata (2), special (2), upload (2), related (2), changes (2), tools (2), recent (2), search (2), history (2), talk (2), expanded (2), short (2), instruction_set_computer (2), security (2), module (2), ppw (2), watt (2), dynamic (2), voltage (2), scaling (2), boolean (2), barrel (2), sum (2), addressed (2), datapath (2), microcode (2), stack (2), registers (2), predictor (2), floating (2), alu (2), count (2), variable (2), others (2), word (2), gpu (2), graphics (2), coprocessor (2), systems (2), microcontroller (2), embedded (2), application (2), vector (2), magnitude (2), transactions (2), speculative (2), process (2), pipelining (2), prediction (2), pipeline (2), visc (2), isa (2), x86 (2), series (2), architectures (2), hierarchy (2), post (2), state (2), minimalist (2), perspective (2), resources (2), nor (2), between (2), simulator (2), built (2), automation (2), emulator (2), map (2), maxq (2), tta (2), examples (2), laboratory (2), derivative (2), yet (2), useful (2), 1988 (2), new (2), acm (2), 2010 (2), lambek (2), 2018 (2), 032 (2), how (2), 279 (2), 293 (2), informal (2), arithmetical (2), approach (2), computability (2), russian (2), habr (2), dawn (2), october (2), 2009 (2), archived (2), original (2), p1eq (2), djn (2), addleq (2), complex (2), journal (2), 2013 (2), made (2), carbon (2), research (2), paper (2), associated (2), assembly (2), name (2), springer (2), business (2), international (2), various (2), giving (2), function (2), encryption (2), equals (2), bar (2), cases (2), otherwise (2), values (2), calculations (2), unique (2), lcl (2), right (2), cell (2), but (2), hence (2), originally (2), work (2), before (2), four (2), subtracted (2), mapped (2), shown (2), functions (2), equivalent (2), increment (2), large (2), base (2), numbers (2), because (2), proceed (2), them (2), subtrahend (2), minuend (2), addresses (2), contains (2), assuming (2), maintained (2), locations (2), jmp (2), suppressed (2), setting (2), suppression (2), implied (2), similarly (2), compiler (2), compilation (2), keyboard (2), condition (2), similar (2), self (2), emulation (2), although (2), copy (2), add (2), effect (2), specified (2), transfers (2), proceeds (2), sbnz (2), those (2), construct (2), need (2), opcode (2), execute (2), choice (2), each (2), common (2), ess (2), currently (2), several (2), triggering (2), ports (2), copies (2), same (2), passes (2), conditionally (2), depending (2), manipulation (2), web (2), sep (2), cookie, statement, statistics, developers, disclaimers, available, under, additional, apply, site, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, wikimedia, foundation, inc, creative, commons, attribution, sharealike, license, last, edited, utc, українська, русский, português, 日本語, italiano, français, printable, download, print, export, item, cite, permanent, link, pages, what, community, portal, learn, contribute, donate, events, read, views, namespaces, log, create, account, contributions, logged, personal, menu, hidden, gnd, identifiers, small, message, boxes, needing, matches, index, php, title, oldid, 1109352606, germany, authority, national, libraries, carrier, pin, grid, tick, tock, semiconductor, device, fabrication, electronics, chronology, cpus, gating, frequency, acpi, apm, pmu, switch, analog, mixed, circuit, circuitry, shifter, binary, multiplier, adder, demultiplexer, multiplexer, horizontal, rom, write, hardwired, status, gate, glue, sequential, combinational, imc, controller, target, mmu, tlb, translation, lookaside, fpu, agu, generation, functional, units, fifo, rate, bus, coherence, replacement, policies, scratchpad, components, manycore, slicing, 512, 256, 128, size, baseband, secure, cryptoprocessor, tpu, tensor, dsp, ppu, physics, vpu, vision, image, accelerator, accelerators, noc, psoc, programmable, mpsoc, multiprocessor, soc, soft, asip, ultra, low, notebook, pop, sip, mcm, cpld, fpoa, asic, pal, tile, stream, gpgpu, central, orders, metrics, sups, synaptic, updates, tps, flops, ips, ipc, cpi, cycles, cycle, transistor, spmd, mimd, misd, swar, associative, pipelined, simt, simd, sisd, flynn, taxonomy, cooperative, preemptive, hyperthreading, simultaneous, temporal, multithreading, distributed, thread, superscalar, scalar, serial, level, parallelism, dependence, wide, issue, renaming, reservation, station, tomasulo, scoreboarding, false, sharing, dependency, hazards, classic, forwarding, stall, epiphany, tilera, 3x0, 390, 370, 360, lmc, microblaze, openrisc, itanium, unicore, m32r, etrax, cris, dec, alpha, superh, sparc, clipper, powerpc, stanford, arm, pdp, vax, motorola, 68000, sets, modes, comparison, zisc, nisc, misc, epic, vliw, trips, edge, specific, cisc, orthogonal, neuromorphic, cognitive, multiprocessing, fabric, secondary, storage, huma, numa, endianness, dataflow, modified, harvard, von, neumann, microarchitecture, belt, zeno, hypercomputation, probabilistic, nondeterministic, alternating, queue, deterministic, hierarchical, technologies, unsigned, unileq, caamp, repository, info, building, intermediate, hertz, inspired, cardboard, illustrative, aid, intel, mmus, actually, trapcc, graphical, includes, diagram, introduction, verilog, dobb, circuits, 7400, sample, retrocomputing, museum, vhdl, christopher, domas, youtube, reductio, absurdum, compilers, tsoutsos, nektarios, georgios, maniatakos, michail, 2123, 2138, 261387, 1109, tifs, 2569062, ieee, forensics, catsoulis, john, 2005, 333, 596, 00755, reilly, designing, attracted, considerable, interest, 1980, presented, extreme, illustration, jones, douglas, june, york, 9481528, 1145, 48675, 48683, sigarch, news, 295, 302, com, 584596, popular, brief, discussion, birobidzhaner, shtern, www, gazetaeao, zanimatelnaya, nauka, vchera, segodnya, zavtra, 031, 2011, vol, 263, 285, bbc, nanotubes, unveiled, focusses, entirely, upon, nürnberg, peter, wiil, uffe, hicks, david, graz, austria, 540, 22010, metainformatics, symposium, mis, grand, unified, theory, intended, researchers, engineers, theorists, students, book, provides, depth, examination, including, attributes, van, der, poel, 1956, gilreath, william, laplante, phillip, 4020, 7416, considers, without, describes, emphasising, whose, makes, ideal, classroom, mavaddat, parhami, manchester, university, press, 334, 61797084, 1177, 002072098802500408, electrical, engineering, education, tarpit, minimal, axioms, algebra, fractran, does, branches, paillier, cryptosystem, let, leq, simply, modular, corresponds, were, run, meaning, backwards, compatibility, though, implements, fully, multiplications, domain, assisted, assumed, difficult, engineer, allows, left, lfloor, frac, rfloor, bmod, mod, follows, consisting, performing, close, relative, works, continuous, direct, indirect, performs, eponymous, nyu, abu, dhabi, commercial, produced, hides, apparent, inconvenience, represents, destinations, specialized, coupled, setup, sort, alter, loop, subroutines, flow, getoperation, movx, moves, combining, final, thus, borrowed, always, already, minus, smaller, mentions, easily, elements, recursive, every, calculable, computable, proof, empty, mul, few, gcd, prime, representation, sorting, shows, explicitly, simulate, his, keep, mimic, human, operator, world, enough, leave, take, attempt, make, intuitive, consider, pebbles, tally, sticks, reversal, eases, destructive, simplifies, synthetic, assured, follow, must, previously, contain, respectively, illustrate, compiles, simplified, graphic, display, constructed, pattern, emulated, areas, peripherals, mouse, hard, drives, card, basic, applications, include, player, painting, tool, document, reader, scientific, calculator, operating, smp, assumes, indexed, consequently, interprets, halting, allowed, nature, found, below, modifying, nonnegative, while, int, emulates, back, temporary, generally, requires, fewer, flip, byte, beq, desired, assembled, mov, getting, replaced, again, storing, now, restores, repeated, added, instead, correspondingly, logical, internal, specifies, presents, among, however, variation, dln, these, identify, inherent, typically, named, above, part, choices, tract, sub, lus, ecrement, ump, onzero, different, previous, operates, side, usually, within, space, assigned, done, time, problem, solved, case, keeping, predefined, tables, universality, section, adding, needs, expansion, inverts, stands, gle, toggle, true, tog, unconditionally, turns, interpret, modify, subsequently, flips, most, primitive, still, successfully, math, pointers, calling, standard, library, simplest, roughly, separated, broad, exists, their, structure, rather, arbitrarily, themselves, reside, sometimes, obviating, judicious, manner, traditional, multiple, recommended, aids, teaching, 178, transistors, nanotube, confused, free, encyclopedia, wayback, http, archive, 20221016124046, timestamps, capture, fail, success, 2023, 2021, nov, oct, 2020, 2026, 156, captures,

Text of the page (random words):
categories bit manipulating machines transport triggered architecture machines arithmetic based turing complete machines bit manipulating machines edit bit manipulating machines are the simplest class flipjump edit the flipjump machine has 1 instruction a b flips the bit a then jumps to b this is the most primitive oisc but it s still useful it can successfully do math logic calculations branching pointers and calling functions with the help of its standard library bitbitjump edit a bit copying machine 5 called bitbitjump copies one bit in memory and passes the execution unconditionally to the address specified by one of the operands of the instruction this process turns out to be capable of universal computation i e being able to execute any algorithm and to interpret any other universal machine because copying bits can conditionally modify the code that will be subsequently executed toga computer edit another machine called the toga computer inverts a bit and passes the execution conditionally depending on the result of inversion the unique instruction is toga a b which stands for tog gle a a nd branch to b if the result of the toggle operation is true this section needs expansion you can help by adding to it december 2016 multi bit copying machine edit similar to bitbitjump a multi bit copying machine copies several bits at the same time the problem of computational universality is solved in this case by keeping predefined jump tables in the memory clarification needed transport triggered architecture edit transport triggered architecture tta is a design in which computation is a side effect of data transport usually some memory registers triggering ports within common address space perform an assigned operation when the instruction references them for example in an oisc using a single memory to memory copy instruction this is done by triggering ports that perform arithmetic and instruction pointer jumps when written to arithmetic based turing complete machines edit arithmetic based turing complete machines use an arithmetic operation and a conditional jump like the two previous universal computers this class is also turing complete the instruction operates on integers which may also be addresses in memory currently there are several known oiscs of this class based on different arithmetic operations addition addleq add and branch if l ess than or eq ual to zero 6 decrement djn d ecrement and branch j ump if n onzero 7 increment p1eq p lus 1 and branch if eq ual to another value 8 subtraction subleq sub tract and branch if l ess than or eq ual to zero 9 10 positive subtraction when possible else branch arithmetic machine 11 instruction types edit common choices for the single instruction are subtract and branch if less than or equal to zero subtract and branch if negative subtract if positive else branch reverse subtract and skip if borrow move used as part of a transport triggered architecture subtract and branch if non zero sbnz a b c destination cryptoleq heterogeneous encrypted and unencrypted computation only one of these instructions is used in a given implementation hence there is no need for an opcode to identify which instruction to execute the choice of instruction is inherent in the design of the machine and an oisc is typically named after the instruction it uses e g an sbn oisc 2 41 the subleq language 3 4 etc each of the above instructions can be used to construct a turing complete oisc this article presents only subtraction based instructions among those that are not transport triggered however it is possible to construct turing complete machines using an instruction based on other arithmetic operations e g addition for example one variation known as dln decrement and jump if not zero has only two operands and uses decrement as the base operation for more information see subleq derivative languages 1 subtract and branch if not equal to zero edit the sbnz a b c d instruction subtract and branch if not equal to zero subtracts the contents at address a from the contents at address b stores the result at address c and then if the result is not 0 transfers control to address d if the result is equal to zero execution proceeds to the next instruction in sequence 3 subtract and branch if less than or equal to zero edit the subleq instruction subtract and branch if less than or equal to zero subtracts the contents at address a from the contents at address b stores the result at address b and then if the result is not positive transfers control to address c if the result is positive execution proceeds to the next instruction in sequence 3 4 7 pseudocode instruction subleq a b c mem b mem b mem a if mem b 0 goto c conditional branching can be suppressed by setting the third operand equal to the address of the next instruction in sequence if the third operand is not written this suppression is implied a variant is also possible with two operands and an internal accumulator where the accumulator is subtracted from the memory location specified by the first operand the result is stored in both the accumulator and the memory location and the second operand specifies the branch address instruction subleq2 a b mem a mem a accum accum mem a if mem a 0 goto b although this uses only two instead of three operands per instruction correspondingly more instructions are then needed to effect various logical operations synthesized instructions edit it is possible to synthesize many types of higher order instructions using only the subleq instruction 3 9 10 unconditional branch jmp c subleq z z c addition can be performed by repeated subtraction with no conditional branching e g the following instructions result in the content at location a being added to the content at location b add a b subleq a z subleq z b subleq z z the first instruction subtracts the content at location a from the content at location z which is 0 and stores the result which is the negative of the content at a in location z the second instruction subtracts this result from b storing in b this difference which is now the sum of the contents originally at a and b the third instruction restores the value 0 to z a copy instruction can be implemented similarly e g the following instructions result in the content at location b getting replaced by the content at location a again assuming the content at location z is maintained as 0 mov a b subleq b b subleq a z subleq z b subleq z z any desired arithmetic test can be built for example a branch if zero condition can be assembled from the following instructions beq b c subleq b z l1 subleq z z out l1 subleq z z subleq z b c out subleq2 can also be used to synthesize higher order instructions although it generally requires more operations for a given task for example no fewer than 10 subleq2 instructions are required to flip all the bits in a given byte not a subleq2 tmp tmp 0 tmp temporary register subleq2 tmp subleq2 one acc 1 subleq2 a a a 1 subleq2 z z a 1 subleq2 tmp tmp a 1 subleq2 a a 0 subleq2 tmp load tmp into acc subleq2 a a a 1 a subleq2 z set z back to 0 emulation edit the following program written in pseudocode emulates the execution of a subleq based oisc int memory program_counter a b c program_counter 0 while program_counter 0 a memory program_counter b memory program_counter 1 c memory program_counter 2 if a 0 or b 0 program_counter 1 else memory b memory b memory a if memory b 0 program_counter 3 else program_counter c this program assumes that memory is indexed by nonnegative integers consequently for a subleq instruction a b c the program interprets a 0 b 0 or an executed branch to c 0 as a halting condition similar interpreters written in a subleq based language i e self interpreters which may use self modifying code as allowed by the nature of the subleq instruction can be found in the external links below a general purpose smp capable 64 bit operating system called dawn os has been implemented in an emulated subleq machine the os contains a c like compiler some memory areas in the virtual machine are used for peripherals like the keyboard mouse hard drives network card etc basic applications written for it include a media player painting tool document reader and scientific calculator 12 a 32 bit subleq computer with a graphic display and a keyboard called izhora has been constructed by yoel matveyev as a large cellular automation pattern 13 14 compilation edit there is a compiler called higher subleq written by oleg mazonka that compiles a simplified c program into subleq code 15 subtract and branch if negative edit the subneg instruction subtract and branch if negative also called sbn is defined similarly to subleq 2 41 51 52 instruction subneg a b c mem b mem b mem a if mem b 0 goto c conditional branching can be suppressed by setting the third operand equal to the address of the next instruction in sequence if the third operand is not written this suppression is implied synthesized instructions edit it is possible to synthesize many types of higher order instructions using only the subneg instruction for simplicity only one synthesized instruction is shown here to illustrate the difference between subleq and subneg unconditional branch 2 88 89 jmp c subneg pos z c where z and pos are locations previously set to contain 0 and a positive integer respectively unconditional branching is assured only if z initially contains 0 or a value less than the integer stored in pos a follow up instruction is required to clear z after the branching assuming that the content of z must be maintained as 0 subneg4 edit a variant is also possible with four operands subneg4 the reversal of minuend and subtrahend eases implementation in hardware the non destructive result simplifies the synthetic instructions instruction subneg s m r j subtrahend minuend result and jump addresses mem r mem m mem s if mem r 0 goto j arithmetic machine edit in an attempt to make turing machine more intuitive z a melzak consider the task of computing with positive numbers the machine has an infinite abacus an infinite number of counters pebbles tally sticks initially at a special location s the machine is able to do one operation take from location x as many counters as there are in location y and transfer them to location z and proceed to instruction y if this operation is not possible because there is not enough counters in y then leave the abacus as it is and proceed to instruction n 16 in order to keep all numbers positive and mimic a human operator computing on a real world abacus the test is performed before any subtraction pseudocode instruction melzak x y z n y if mem y mem x goto n mem x mem y mem z mem y goto y after giving a few programs multiplication gcd computing the n th prime number representation in base b of an arbitrary number sorting in order of magnitude melzak shows explicitly how to simulate an arbitrary turing machine on his arithmetic machine mul p q multiply melzak p one s stop move 1 counter from p to s if not possible move to stop melzak s q ans multiply multiply move q counters from s to ans move to the first instruction stop where the memory location p is p q is q one is 1 ans is initially 0 and at the end pq and s is a large number he mentions that it can easily be shown using the elements of recursive functions that every number calculable on the arithmetic machine is computable a proof of which was given by lambek 17 on an equivalent two instruction machine x increment x and x else t decrement x if it not empty else jump to t reverse subtract and skip if borrow edit in a reverse subtract and skip if borrow rssb instruction the accumulator is subtracted from the memory location and the next instruction is skipped if there was a borrow memory location was smaller than the accumulator the result is stored in both the accumulator and the memory location the program counter is mapped to memory location 0 the accumulator is mapped to memory location 1 2 instruction rssb x accum mem x accum mem x accum if accum 0 goto pc 2 example edit to set x to the value of y minus z first move z to the destination location x rssb temp three instructions required to clear acc temp see note 1 rssb temp rssb temp rssb x two instructions clear acc x since acc is already clear rssb x rssb y load y into acc no borrow rssb temp store y into acc temp always borrow and skip rssb temp skipped rssb x store y into x acc second perform the operation rssb temp three instructions required to clear acc temp rssb temp rssb temp rssb z load z rssb x x y z see note 2 note 1 if the value stored at temp is initially a negative value and the instruction that executed right before the first rssb temp in this routine borrowed then four rssb temp instructions will be required for the routine to work note 2 if the value stored at z is initially a negative value then the final rssb x will be skipped and thus the routine will not work transport triggered architecture edit main article transport triggered architecture a transport triggered architecture uses only the move instruction hence it was originally called a move machine this instruction moves the contents of one memory location to another memory location combining with the current content of the new location 2 42 18 instruction movx a b also written a b op getoperation mem b mem b op mem a mem b the operation performed is defined by the destination memory cell some cells are specialized in addition some other in multiplication etc so memory cells are not simple store but coupled with an arithmetic logic unit alu setup to perform only one sort of operation with the current value of the cell some of the cells are control flow instructions to alter the program execution with jumps conditional execution subroutines if then else for loop etc a commercial transport triggered architecture microcontroller has been produced called maxq which hides the apparent inconvenience of an oisc by using a transfer map that represents all possible destinations for the move instructions 19 cryptoleq edit cryptoleq processor made at nyu abu dhabi cryptoleq 20 is a language consisting of one eponymous instruction is capable of performing general purpose computation on encrypted programs and is a close relative to subleq cryptoleq works on continuous cells of memory using direct and indirect addressing and performs two operations o 1 and o 2 on three values a b and c instruction cryptoleq a b c mem b o 1 mem a mem b if o 2 mem b 0 ip c else ip ip 3 where a b and c are addressed by the instruction pointer ip with the value of ip addressing a ip 1 point to b and ip 2 to c in cryptoleq operations o 1 and o 2 are defined as follows o 1 x y x n 2 1 y mod n 2 displaystyle begin array lcl o_ 1 x y x_ n 2 1 y bmod n 2 end array o 2 x x 1 n displaystyle begin array lcl o_ 2 x left lfloor frac x 1 n right rfloor end array the main difference with subleq is that in subleq o 1 x y simply subtracts y from x and o 2 x ...