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2 microsecond discharge needed to operate a dye laser energy storage edit a capacitor can store electric energy when disconnected from its charging circuit so it can be used like a temporary battery or like other types of rechargeable energy storage system 72 capacitors are commonly used in electronic devices to maintain power supply while batteries are being changed this prevents loss of information in volatile memory a capacitor can facilitate conversion of kinetic energy of charged particles into electric energy and store it 73 conventional capacitors provide less than 360 joules per kilogram of specific energy whereas a conventional alkaline battery has a density of 590 kj kg there is an intermediate solution supercapacitors which can accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries and tolerate many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries they are however 10 times larger than conventional batteries for a given charge on the other hand it has been shown that the amount of charge stored in the dielectric layer of the thin film capacitor can be equal to or can even exceed the amount of charge stored on its plates 74 in car audio systems large capacitors store energy for the amplifier to use on demand also for a flash tube a capacitor is used to hold the high voltage digital memory edit in the 1930s john atanasoff applied the principle of energy storage in capacitors to construct dynamic digital memories for the first binary computers that used electron tubes for logic 75 pulsed power and weapons edit groups of large specially constructed low inductance high voltage capacitors capacitor banks are used to supply huge pulses of current for many pulsed power applications these include electromagnetic forming marx generators pulsed lasers especially tea lasers pulse forming networks radar fusion research and particle accelerators large capacitor banks reservoir are used as energy sources for the exploding bridgewire detonators or slapper detonators in nuclear weapons and other specialty weapons experimental work is under way using banks of capacitors as power sources for electromagnetic armour and electromagnetic railguns and coilguns power conditioning edit a 10 000 microfarad capacitor in an amplifier power supply reservoir capacitors are used in power supplies where they smooth the output of a full or half wave rectifier they can also be used in charge pump circuits as the energy storage element in the generation of higher voltages than the input voltage capacitors are connected in parallel with the power circuits of most electronic devices and larger systems such as factories to shunt away and conceal current fluctuations from the primary power source to provide a clean power supply for signal or control circuits audio equipment for example uses several capacitors in this way to shunt away power line hum before it gets into the signal circuitry the capacitors act as a local reserve for the dc power source and bypass ac currents from the power supply this is used in car audio applications when a stiffening capacitor compensates for the inductance and resistance of the leads to the lead acid car battery power factor correction edit a high voltage capacitor bank used for power factor correction on a power transmission system in electric power distribution capacitors are used for power factor correction such capacitors often come as three capacitors connected as a three phase load usually the values of these capacitors are not given in farads but rather as a reactive power in volt amperes reactive var the purpose is to counteract inductive loading from devices like electric motors and transmission lines to make the load appear to be mostly resistive individual motor or lamp loads may have capacitors for power factor correction or larger sets of capacitors usually with automatic switching devices may be installed at a load center within a building or in a large utility substation suppression and coupling edit signal coupling edit main article capacitive coupling polyester film capacitors are frequently used as coupling capacitors because capacitors pass ac but block dc signals when charged up to the applied dc voltage they are often used to separate the ac and dc components of a signal this method is known as ac coupling or capacitive coupling here a large value of capacitance whose value need not be accurately controlled but whose reactance is small at the signal frequency is employed decoupling edit main article decoupling capacitor a decoupling capacitor is a capacitor used to protect one part of a circuit from the effect of another for instance to suppress noise or transients noise caused by other circuit elements is shunted through the capacitor reducing the effect they have on the rest of the circuit it is most commonly used between the power supply and ground an alternative name is bypass capacitor as it is used to bypass the power supply or other high impedance component of a circuit decoupling capacitors need not always be discrete components capacitors used in these applications may be built into a printed circuit board between the various layers these are often referred to as embedded capacitors 76 the layers in the board contributing to the capacitive properties also function as power and ground planes and have a dielectric in between them enabling them to operate as a parallel plate capacitor high pass and low pass filters edit further information high pass filter and low pass filter noise suppression spikes and snubbers edit further information high pass filter and low pass filter when an inductive circuit is opened the current through the inductance collapses quickly creating a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch or relay if the inductance is large enough the energy may generate a spark causing the contact points to oxidize deteriorate or sometimes weld together or destroying a solid state switch a snubber capacitor across the newly opened circuit creates a path for this impulse to bypass the contact points thereby preserving their life these were commonly found in contact breaker ignition systems for instance similarly in smaller scale circuits the spark may not be enough to damage the switch but may still radiate undesirable radio frequency interference rfi which a filter capacitor absorbs snubber capacitors are usually employed with a low value resistor in series to dissipate energy and minimize rfi such resistor capacitor combinations are available in a single package capacitors are also used in parallel with interrupting units of a high voltage circuit breaker to equally distribute the voltage between these units these are called grading capacitors in schematic diagrams a capacitor used primarily for dc charge storage is often drawn vertically in circuit diagrams with the lower more negative plate drawn as an arc the straight plate indicates the positive terminal of the device if it is polarized see electrolytic capacitor motor starters edit main article motor capacitor in single phase squirrel cage motors the primary winding within the motor housing is not capable of starting a rotational motion on the rotor but is capable of sustaining one to start the motor a secondary start winding has a series non polarized starting capacitor to introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current when the secondary start winding is placed at an angle with respect to the primary run winding a rotating electric field is created the force of the rotational field is not constant but is sufficient to start the rotor spinning when the rotor comes close to operating speed a centrifugal switch or current sensitive relay in series with the main winding disconnects the capacitor the start capacitor is typically mounted to the side of the motor housing these are called capacitor start motors that have relatively high starting torque typically they can have up to four times as much starting torque than a split phase motor and are used on applications such as compressors pressure washers and any small device requiring high starting torques capacitor run induction motors have a permanently connected phase shifting capacitor in series with a second winding the motor is much like a two phase induction motor motor starting capacitors are typically non polarized electrolytic types while running capacitors are conventional paper or plastic film dielectric types signal processing edit the energy stored in a capacitor can be used to represent information either in binary form as in drams or in analogue form as in analog sampled filters and ccds capacitors can be used in analog circuits as components of integrators or more complex filters and in negative feedback loop stabilization signal processing circuits also use capacitors to integrate a current signal tuned circuits edit capacitors and inductors are applied together in tuned circuits to select information in particular frequency bands for example radio receivers rely on variable capacitors to tune the station frequency speakers use passive analog crossovers and analog equalizers use capacitors to select different audio bands the resonant frequency f of a tuned circuit is a function of the inductance l and capacitance c in series and is given by f 1 2 π l c displaystyle f frac 1 2 pi sqrt lc where l is in henries and c is in farads sensing edit main article capacitive sensing main article capacitive displacement sensor most capacitors are designed to maintain a fixed physical structure however various factors can change the structure of the capacitor and the resulting change in capacitance can be used to sense those factors changing the dielectric the effects of varying the characteristics of the dielectric can be used for sensing purposes capacitors with an exposed and porous dielectric can be used to measure humidity in air capacitors are used to accurately measure the fuel level in airplanes as the fuel covers more of a pair of plates the circuit capacitance increases squeezing the dielectric can change a capacitor at a few tens of bar pressure sufficiently that it can be used as a pressure sensor 77 a selected but otherwise standard polymer dielectric capacitor when immersed in a compatible gas or liquid can work usefully as a very low cost pressure sensor up to many hundreds of bar changing the distance between the plates capacitors with a flexible plate can be used to measure strain or pressure industrial pressure transmitters used for process control use pressure sensing diaphragms which form a capacitor plate of an oscillator circuit capacitors are used as the sensor in condenser microphones where one plate is moved by air pressure relative to the fixed position of the other plate some accelerometers use mems capacitors etched on a chip to measure the magnitude and direction of the acceleration vector they are used to detect changes in acceleration in tilt sensors or to detect free fall as sensors triggering airbag deployment and in many other applications some fingerprint sensors use capacitors additionally a user can adjust the pitch of a theremin musical instrument by moving their hand since this changes the effective capacitance between the user s hand and the antenna changing the effective area of the plates capacitive touch switches are now when used on many consumer electronic products oscillators edit further information hartley oscillator example of a simple oscillator incorporating a capacitor a capacitor can possess spring like qualities in an oscillator circuit in the image example a capacitor acts to influence the biasing voltage at the npn transistor s base the resistance values of the voltage divider resistors and the capacitance value of the capacitor together control the oscillatory frequency producing light edit main article light emitting capacitor a light emitting capacitor is made from a dielectric that uses phosphorescence to produce light if one of the conductive plates is made with a transparent material the light is visible light emitting capacitors are used in the construction of electroluminescent panels for applications such as backlighting for laptop computers in this case the entire panel is a capacitor used for the purpose of generating light hazards and safety edit the hazards posed by a capacitor are usually determined foremost by the amount of energy stored which is the cause of things like electrical burns or heart fibrillation factors such as voltage and chassis material are of secondary consideration which are more related to how easily a shock can be initiated rather than how much damage can occur 50 under certain conditions including conductivity of the surfaces preexisting medical conditions the humidity of the air or the pathways it takes through the body i e shocks that travel across the core of the body and especially the heart are more dangerous than those limited to the extremities shocks as low as one joule have been reported to cause death although in most instances they may not even leave a burn shocks over ten joules will generally damage skin and are usually considered hazardous any capacitor that can store 50 joules or more should be considered potentially lethal 78 50 capacitors may retain a charge long after power is removed from a circuit this charge can cause dangerous or even potentially fatal shocks or damage connected equipment for example even a seemingly innocuous device such as a disposable camera flash unit powered by a 1 5 volt aa battery has a capacitor which may contain over 15 joules of energy and be charged to over 300 volts this is easily capable of delivering a shock service procedures for electronic devices usually include instructions to discharge large or high voltage capacitors for instance using a brinkley stick capacitors may also have built in discharge resistors to dissipate stored energy to a safe level within a few seconds after power is removed high voltage capacitors are stored with the terminals shorted as protection from potentially dangerous voltages due to dielectric absorption or from transient voltages the capacitor may pick up from static charges or passing weather events 50 some old large oil filled paper or plastic film capacitors contain polychlorinated biphenyls pcbs it is known that waste pcbs can leak into groundwater under landfills capacitors containing pcb were labelled as containing askarel and several other trade names pcb filled paper capacitors are found in very old pre 1975 fluorescent lamp ballasts and other applications capacitors may catastrophically fail when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating or as they reach their normal end of life dielectric or metal interconnection failures may create arcing that vaporizes the dielectric fluid resulting in case bulging rupture or even an explosion capacitors used in rf or sustained high current applications can overheat especially in the center of the capacitor rolls capaci...