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Text of the page (random words):
ion jump to search system of rules to convert information into another form or representation for other uses see code disambiguation encoding redirects here for other uses see encoding disambiguation for technical reasons code 01 bad girl and code 02 pretty pretty redirect here for the eps by ladies code see code 01 bad girl and code 02 pretty pretty this article needs additional citations for verification please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources code news newspapers books scholar jstor march 2010 learn how and when to remove this template message in communications and information processing code is a system of rules to convert information such as a letter word sound image or gesture into another form sometimes shortened or secret for communication through a communication channel or storage in a storage medium an early example is an invention of language which enabled a person through speech to communicate what they thought saw heard or felt to others but speech limits the range of communication to the distance a voice can carry and limits the audience to those present when the speech is uttered the invention of writing which converted spoken language into visual symbols extended the range of communication across space and time the process of encoding converts information from a source into symbols for communication or storage decoding is the reverse process converting code symbols back into a form that the recipient understands such as english or and spanish one reason for coding is to enable communication in places where ordinary plain language spoken or written is difficult or impossible for example semaphore where the configuration of flags held by a signaler or the arms of a semaphore tower encodes parts of the message typically individual letters and numbers another person standing a great distance away can interpret the flags and reproduce the words sent contents 1 theory 1 1 variable length codes 1 2 error correcting codes 2 examples 2 1 codes in communication used for brevity 2 2 character encodings 2 3 genetic code 2 4 gödel code 2 5 other 2 6 cryptography 3 other examples 4 codes and acronyms 5 see also 6 references 7 further reading theory main article coding theory in information theory and computer science a code is usually considered as an algorithm that uniquely represents symbols from some source alphabet by encoded strings which may be in some other target alphabet an extension of the code for representing sequences of symbols over the source alphabet is obtained by concatenating the encoded strings before giving a mathematically precise definition this is a brief example the mapping c a 0 b 01 c 011 displaystyle c a mapsto 0 b mapsto 01 c mapsto 011 is a code whose source alphabet is the set a b c displaystyle a b c and whose target alphabet is the set 0 1 displaystyle 0 1 using the extension of the code the encoded string 0011001 can be grouped into codewords as 0 011 0 01 and these in turn can be decoded to the sequence of source symbols acab using terms from formal language theory the precise mathematical definition of this concept is as follows let s and t be two finite sets called the source and target alphabets respectively a code c s t displaystyle c s to t is a total function mapping each symbol from s to a sequence of symbols over t the extension c displaystyle c of c displaystyle c is a homomorphism of s displaystyle s into t displaystyle t which naturally maps each sequence of source symbols to a sequence of target symbols variable length codes main article variable length code in this section we consider codes that encode each source clear text character by a code word from some dictionary and concatenation of such code words give us an encoded string variable length codes are especially useful when clear text characters have different probabilities see also entropy encoding a prefix code is a code with the prefix property there is no valid code word in the system that is a prefix start of any other valid code word in the set huffman coding is the most known algorithm for deriving prefix codes prefix codes are widely referred to as huffman codes even when the code was not produced by a huffman algorithm other examples of prefix codes are country calling codes the country and publisher parts of isbns and the secondary synchronization codes used in the umts wcdma 3g wireless standard kraft s inequality characterizes the sets of codeword lengths that are possible in a prefix code virtually any uniquely decodable one to many code not necessarily a prefix one must satisfy kraft s inequality error correcting codes main article error detection and correction see also block code codes may also be used to represent data in a way more resistant to errors in transmission or storage this so called error correcting code works by including carefully crafted redundancy with the stored or transmitted data examples include hamming codes reed solomon reed muller walsh hadamard bose chaudhuri hochquenghem turbo golay goppa low density parity check codes and space time codes error detecting codes can be optimised to detect burst errors or random errors examples codes in communication used for brevity main article brevity code a cable code replaces words e g ship or invoice with shorter words allowing the same information to be sent with fewer characters more quickly and less expensively codes can be used for brevity when telegraph messages were the state of the art in rapid long distance communication elaborate systems of commercial codes that encoded complete phrases into single mouths commonly five minute groups were developed so that telegraphers became conversant with such words as byoxo are you trying to weasel out of our deal liouy why do you not answer my question bmuld you re a skunk or ayylu not clearly coded repeat more clearly code words were chosen for various reasons length pronounceability etc meanings were chosen to fit perceived needs commercial negotiations military terms for military codes diplomatic terms for diplomatic codes any and all of the preceding for espionage codes codebooks and codebook publishers proliferated including one run as a front for the american black chamber run by herbert yardley between the first and second world wars the purpose of most of these codes was to save on cable costs the use of data coding for data compression predates the computer era an early example is the telegraph morse code where more frequently used characters have shorter representations techniques such as huffman coding are now used by computer based algorithms to compress large data files into a more compact form for storage or transmission character encodings main article character encoding character encodings are representations of textual data a given character encoding may be associated with a specific character set the collection of characters which it can represent though some character sets have multiple character encodings and vice versa character encodings may be broadly grouped according to the number of bytes required to represent a single character there are single byte encodings multibyte also called wide encodings and variable width also called variable length encodings the earliest character encodings were single byte the best known example of which is ascii ascii remains in use today for example in http headers however single byte encodings cannot model character sets with more than 256 characters scripts that require large character sets such as chinese japanese and korean must be represented with multibyte encodings early multibyte encodings were fixed length meaning that although each character was represented by more than one byte all characters used the same number of bytes word length making them suitable for decoding with a lookup table the final group variable width encodings is a subset of multibyte encodings these use more complex encoding and decoding logic to efficiently represent large character sets while keeping the representations of more commonly used characters shorter or maintaining backward compatibility properties this group includes utf 8 an encoding of the unicode character set utf 8 is the most common encoding of text media on the internet genetic code main article genetic code biological organisms contain genetic material that is used to control their function and development this is dna which contains units named genes from which messenger rna is derived this in turn produces proteins through a genetic code in which a series of triplets codons of four possible nucleotides can be translated into one of twenty possible amino acids a sequence of codons results in a corresponding sequence of amino acids that form a protein molecule a type of codon called a stop codon signals the end of the sequence gödel code in mathematics a gödel code was the basis for the proof of gödel s incompleteness theorem here the idea was to map mathematical notation to a natural number using a gödel numbering other there are codes using colors like traffic lights the color code employed to mark the nominal value of the electrical resistors or that of the trashcans devoted to specific types of garbage paper glass organic etc in marketing coupon codes can be used for a financial discount or rebate when purchasing a product from a usual internet retailer in military environments specific sounds with the cornet are used for different uses to mark some moments of the day to command the infantry on the battlefield etc communication systems for sensory impairments such as sign language for deaf people and braille for blind people are based on movement or tactile codes musical scores are the most common way to encode music specific games have their own code systems to record the matches e g chess notation cryptography in the history of cryptography codes were once common for ensuring the confidentiality of communications although ciphers are now used instead secret codes intended to obscure the real messages ranging from serious mainly espionage in military diplomacy business etc to trivial romance games can be any kind of imaginative encoding flowers game cards clothes fans hats melodies birds etc in which the sole requirement is the pre agreement on the meaning by both the sender and the receiver other examples other examples of encoding include encoding in cognition a basic perceptual process of interpreting incoming stimuli technically speaking it is a complex multi stage process of converting relatively objective sensory input e g light sound into a subjectively meaningful experience a content format a specific encoding format for converting a specific type of data to information text encoding uses a markup language to tag the structure and other features of a text to facilitate processing by computers see also text encoding initiative semantics encoding of formal language a informal language b is a method of representing all terms e g programs or descriptions of language a using language b data compression transforms a signal into a code optimized for transmission or storage generally done with a codec neural encoding the way in which information is represented in neurons memory encoding the process of converting sensations into memories television encoding ntsc pal and secam other examples of decoding include decoding computer science decoding methods methods in communication theory for decoding codewords sent over a noisy channel digital signal processing the study of signals in a digital representation and the processing methods of these signals digital to analog converter the use of analog circuit for decoding operations word decoding the use of phonics to decipher print patterns and translate them into the sounds of language codes and acronyms acronyms and abbreviations can be considered codes and in a sense all languages and writing systems are codes for human thought international air transport association airport codes are three letter codes used to designate airports and used for bag tags station codes are similarly used on railways but are usually national so the same code can be used for different stations if they are in different countries occasionally a code word achieves an independent existence and meaning while the original equivalent phrase is forgotten or at least no longer has the precise meaning attributed to the code word for example 30 was widely used in journalism to mean end of story and has been used in other contexts to signify the end 1 2 see also wikimedia commons has media related to codes asemic writing cipher code semiotics equipment codes quantum error correction semiotics universal language references kogan hadass so why not 29 archived 2010 12 12 at the wayback machine american journalism review retrieved 2012 07 03 western union 92 code wood s telegraphic numerals signal corps association 1996 archived from the original on 2012 05 09 retrieved 2012 07 03 chevance fabienne 2017 case for the genetic code as a triplet of triplets proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 114 18 4745 4750 doi 10 1073 pnas 1614896114 pmc 5422812 pmid 28416671 further reading codes and abbreviations for the use of the international telecommunication services 2nd ed geneva switzerland international telecommunication union 1963 oclc 13677884 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title code oldid 1101757031 categories encodings signal processing hidden categories webarchive template wayback links wikipedia indefinitely semi protected pages articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from march 2010 all articles needing additional references commons category link is locally defined navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create 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