Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

edit, navigation, tools, marangoni, effect, contents, history, mechanism, tears, of, wine, significance, to, transport, phenomena, examples, and, application, see, also, references, external, links, menu, personal, namespaces, views, contribute, print, export, languages,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (182), and (41), surface (36), marangoni (29), #effect (22), liquid (21), water (20), tension (20), displaystyle (20), with (16), gamma (15), gradient (14), this (13), flow (13), alcohol (13), from (12), edit (11), fluid (11), for (11), that (10), wikipedia (8), convection (8), wine (8), heat (7), due (7), can (7), wafer (7), temperature (7), approx (7), surfactant (7), page (6), doi (6), interface (6), gibbs (6), end (6), partial (6), frac (6), patch (6), more (5), physical (5), phenomena (5), film (5), transfer (5), between (5), droplet (5), also (5), has (5), called (5), hot (5), concentration (5), tears (5), rho (5), viscosity (5), under (4), may (4), was (4), links (4), willard (4), two (4), application (4), capillary (4), phenomenon (4), into (4), substrate (4), gravity (4), than (4), where (4), tube (4), lower (4), glass (4), sim (4), covered (4), speed (4), contact (3), about (3), navigation (3), history (3), short (3), org (3), thin (3), review (3), pmid (3), flows (3), air (3), 2014 (3), self (3), journal (3), boiling (3), mass (3), pipe (3), roché (3), energy (3), expansion (3), floating (3), another (3), bénard (3), effects (3), small (3), been (3), nanoparticles (3), are (3), after (3), drying (3), one (3), left (3), cause (3), easily (3), soap (3), but (3), along (3), experiments (3), away (3), walls (3), transport (3), higher (3), region (3), spreading (3), drop (3), viscous (3), simple (3), stress (3), which (3), his (3), view (2), privacy (2), policy (2), terms (2), using (2), use (2), 2022 (2), wikidata (2), information (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), tools (2), article (2), contents (2), talk (2), create (2), categories (2), articles (2), containing (2), description (2), long (2), value (2), retrieved (2), https (2), marangoni_effect (2), physics (2), 2005 (2), external (2), 2021 (2), s2cid (2), science (2), thermocapillary (2), manipulation (2), 2015 (2), 1016 (2), arrays (2), assembly (2), 2004 (2), subcooled (2), nucleate (2), international (2), john (2), 146105 (2), 1103 (2), physrevlett (2), 114 (2), bibcode (2), letters (2), microgravity (2), 208302 (2), 112 (2), josiah (2), equilibrium (2), heterogeneous (2), substances (2), part (2), equation (2), phases (2), appears (2), new (2), york (2), scientific (2), pavia (2), liquido (2), 1855 (2), other (2), rayleigh (2), references (2), free (2), diffusioosmosis (2), instability (2), see (2), important (2), taking (2), thermo (2), heating (2), then (2), used (2), objects (2), both (2), ordered (2), over (2), forms (2), microdroplets (2), form (2), wet (2), during (2), gas (2), vapor (2), allowing (2), leaving (2), example (2), films (2), cells (2), examples (2), presence (2), ignored (2), research (2), its (2), earth (2), conditions (2), performed (2), pipes (2), thus (2), space (2), action (2), center (2), significance (2), pulls (2), surrounding (2), strongly (2), regions (2), down (2), will (2), gives (2), above (2), first (2), equating (2), stresses (2), high (2), shear (2), coworkers (2), momentum (2), when (2), radius (2), order (2), case (2), onto (2), approximately (2), delta (2), low (2), mechanism (2), physicist (2), pepper (2), jump (2), web (2), dec (2), cookie, statement, statistics, developers, mobile, disclaimers, text, available, additional, apply, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, organization, wikimedia, foundation, inc, creative, commons, attribution, sharealike, license, last, edited, september, utc, tiếng, việt, українська, русский, português, nederlands, עברית, italiano, français, فارسی, español, čeština, català, العربية, languages, printable, version, download, pdf, print, export, item, cite, permanent, link, special, pages, related, what, here, recent, community, portal, learn, help, contribute, donate, random, current, events, main, read, views, english, namespaces, log, account, contributions, not, logged, personal, menu, hidden, video, clips, different, cs1, volume, mechanics, index, php, title, oldid, 1109280858, iss, astronaut, demonstrate, youtube, movie, don, pettit, february, focus, motoring, oil, drops, piñan, basualdo, franco, bolopion, aude, gauthier, michaël, lambert, pierre, march, 232432662, 34043549, 1126, scirobotics, abd3557, robotics, microrobotic, platform, actuated, lee, wei, cheat, fang, yuanxing, kler, rantej, canciani, giacomo, draper, thomas, abdullah, zainab, alfadul, sulaiman, perry, christopher, heyong, 149, 150, matchemphys, 046, materials, chemistry, ring, templated, vertically, aligned, zno, nanotube, enhanced, photocatalytic, hydrogen, production, cai, yangjun, zhang, newby, min, 2008, induced, hexagonal, stripelike, nanoparticle, patterns, 6076, 6077, 18426208, 1021, ja801438u, 130, american, chemical, society, petrovic, sanja, robinson, tony, judd, ross, november, pool, 5115, 5128, ijheatmasstransfer, 031, kundan, akshay, plawsky, joel, wayner, peter, chao, david, sicker, ronald, motil, brian, lorik, tibor, chestney, louis, eustace, zoldak, 25910141, 2015phrvl, 114n6105k, performance, limitations, wickless, matthieu, zhenzhen, griffiths, ian, roux, sébastien, cantat, isabelle, saint, jalmes, arnaud, stone, howard, 4837945, 0031, 9007, issn, 2014phrvl, 112t8302r, 1312, 3964, arxiv, soluble, amphiphiles, 1878, 343, 524, required, reprinted, henry, andrews, bumstead, ralph, van, name, vol, longmans, green, 1906, 315, papers, 483, transactions, connecticut, academy, arts, sciences, italy, fratelli, fusi, 1869, sull, espansione, delle, goccie, galleggianti, sulla, superficie, altro, 330, 333, london, edinburgh, dublin, philosophical, magazine, certain, curious, motions, observable, surfaces, alcoholic, liquors, getling, 1998, reprint, singapore, 981, 2657, isbn, world, structures, dynamics, comsol, archived, 2012, original, interfacial, analog, solid, stream, plateau, fields, melting, metals, electron, beam, crystal, growth, welding, particles, advantage, relevance, scales, controlled, created, locally, infrared, control, position, orientation, prompt, profiting, cheerios, laser, similar, creatively, utilized, assemble, grow, nanotubes, spread, followed, blowing, humid, evaporated, simultaneously, condenses, meanwhile, transferred, finally, numerous, coffee, rings, processing, step, manufacture, spots, oxidation, damages, components, avoid, spotting, ipa, organic, compound, aerosol, blown, through, meniscus, formed, cleaning, lifted, immersion, bath, subsequent, causes, pull, completely, off, effectively, dry, nozzle, integrated, circuits, wafers, silicon, familiar, instance, behavior, stabilizes, bubbles, currently, topic, ongoing, interest, because, potential, fundamental, importance, understanding, causing, system, usually, much, stronger, many, maser, have, conducted, aboard, observe, without, influence, revealed, whilst, exposed, inner, evaporate, migrate, opposite, happens, flooded, together, drawn, bulk, still, ends, distance, hottest, explained, gradients, axial, radial, directions, makes, towards, axis, area, circulating, cooler, station, sounding, rockets, esa, natural, further, exhibit, visible, consequence, fact, volatility, solution, rises, lowering, evaporates, behind, less, greater, result, pulled, until, own, weight, exceeds, force, drips, back, vessel, demonstrated, smooth, fall, rush, out, fell, show, clearly, shadow, content, dimensionless, characterize, relative, forces, number, approximated, power, sides, expression, right, obtained, making, couple, approximations, drives, oppose, centre, expanding, zero, far, simply, times, velocity, depth, assume, directed, radially, diffuses, reached, diffusion, constant, kinematic, density, tens, per, cent, reduction, obtain, second, equality, speeds, decrease, grows, cms, mbox, dropped, quantitative, developed, model, approximate, agreement, described, outward, they, found, occurred, cases, difference, around, room, even, variations, few, percent, generate, almost, common, observed, since, naturally, caused, function, identified, brother, general, named, who, studied, doctoral, dissertation, published, results, 1865, complete, theoretical, treatment, subject, given, work, 1875, university, carlo, italian, lord, kelvin, james, thomson, dependence, experimental, demonstration, sprinkled, dish, added, specks, move, rapidly, outwards, fluids, search, encyclopedia, wayback, machine, http, archive, 20221122221901, wiki, timestamps, capture, fail, success, 2023, nov, oct, aug, 2026, 205, captures,

Text of the page (random words):
marangoni effect wikipedia 205 captures 15 dec 2005 25 aug 2026 oct nov dec 22 2021 2022 2023 success fail about this capture timestamps the wayback machine http web archive org web 20221122221901 https en wikipedia org wiki marangoni_effect marangoni effect from wikipedia the free encyclopedia jump to navigation jump to search physical phenomenon between two fluids experimental demonstration of the marangoni effect pepper is sprinkled onto the surface of the water in the left dish when a droplet of soap is added to that water the specks of pepper move rapidly outwards the marangoni effect also called the gibbs marangoni effect is the mass transfer along an interface between two phases due to a gradient of the surface tension in the case of temperature dependence this phenomenon may be called thermo capillary convection 1 or bénard marangoni convection 2 contents 1 history 2 mechanism 3 tears of wine 4 significance to transport phenomena 5 examples and application 6 see also 7 references 8 external links history edit this phenomenon was first identified in the so called tears of wine by physicist james thomson lord kelvin s brother in 1855 3 the general effect is named after italian physicist carlo marangoni who studied it for his doctoral dissertation at the university of pavia and published his results in 1865 4 a complete theoretical treatment of the subject was given by j willard gibbs in his work on the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances 1875 8 5 mechanism edit since a liquid with a high surface tension pulls more strongly on the surrounding liquid than one with a low surface tension the presence of a gradient in surface tension will naturally cause the liquid to flow away from regions of low surface tension the surface tension gradient can be caused by concentration gradient or by a temperature gradient surface tension is a function of temperature in simple cases the speed of the flow u δ γ μ displaystyle u approx delta gamma mu where δ γ displaystyle delta gamma is the difference in surface tension and μ displaystyle mu is the viscosity of the liquid water has a surface tension of around 0 07 n m and a viscosity of approximately 10 3 pa s at room temperature so even variations of a few percent in the surface tension of water can generate marangoni flows of almost 1 m s thus marangoni flows are common and easily observed for the case of a small drop of surfactant dropped onto the surface of water roché and coworkers 6 performed quantitative experiments and developed a simple model that was in approximate agreement with the experiments this described the expansion in the radius r displaystyle r of a patch of the surface covered in surfactant due to an outward marangoni flow at a speed u displaystyle u they found that speed of expansion of the surfactant covered patch of the water surface occurred at speed of approximately u γ w γ s 2 3 μ ρ 1 3 r 1 3 10 2 r 1 3 r in m displaystyle u approx frac gamma _ rm w gamma _ rm s 2 3 mu rho 1 3 r 1 3 approx frac 10 2 r 1 3 r mbox in m for γ w displaystyle gamma _ rm w the surface tension of water γ s displaystyle gamma _ rm s the lower surface tension of the surfactant covered water surface μ displaystyle mu the viscosity of water and ρ displaystyle rho the mass density of water for γ w γ s 10 2 displaystyle gamma _ rm w gamma _ rm s approx 10 2 n m i e of order tens of per cent reduction in surface tension of water and as for water μ ρ 1 displaystyle mu rho sim 1 n m 6 s 3 we obtain the second equality above this gives speeds that decrease as surfactant covered region grows but are of order cms s to mm s the equation is obtained by making a couple of simple approximations the first is by equating the stress at the surface due to the concentration gradient of surfactant which drives the marangoni flow with the viscous stresses that oppose flow the marangoni stress γ r displaystyle sim partial gamma partial r i e gradient in the surface tension due gradient in the surfactant concentration from high in the centre of the expanding patch to zero far from the patch the viscous shear stress is simply the viscosity times the gradient in shear velocity μ u l displaystyle sim mu u l for l displaystyle l the depth into the water of the flow due to the spreading patch roché and coworkers 6 assume that the momentum which is directed radially diffuses down into the liquid during spreading and so when the patch has reached a radius r displaystyle r l ν r u 1 2 displaystyle l sim nu r u 1 2 for ν μ ρ displaystyle nu mu rho the kinematic viscosity which is the diffusion constant for momentum in a fluid equating the two stresses u 3 2 ν r 1 2 μ γ r r 1 2 μ ρ 1 2 γ w γ s r displaystyle u 3 2 approx frac nu r 1 2 mu left frac partial gamma partial r right approx frac r 1 2 mu rho 1 2 frac gamma _ rm w gamma _ rm s r where we approximated the gradient γ r γ w γ s r displaystyle partial gamma partial r approx gamma _ rm w gamma _ rm s r taking the 2 3 power of both sides gives the expression above the marangoni number a dimensionless value can be used to characterize the relative effects of surface tension and viscous forces tears of wine edit tears of wine show clearly in the shadow of this glass of wine with a 13 5 alcohol content as an example wine may exhibit a visible effect called tears of wine the effect is a consequence of the fact that alcohol has a lower surface tension and higher volatility than water the water alcohol solution rises up the surface of the glass lowering the surface energy of the glass alcohol evaporates from the film leaving behind liquid with a higher surface tension more water less alcohol this region with a lower concentration of alcohol greater surface tension pulls on the surrounding fluid more strongly than the regions with a higher alcohol concentration lower in the glass the result is the liquid is pulled up until its own weight exceeds the force of the effect and the liquid drips back down the vessel s walls this can also be easily demonstrated by spreading a thin film of water on a smooth surface and then allowing a drop of alcohol to fall on the center of the film the liquid will rush out of the region where the drop of alcohol fell significance to transport phenomena edit further information transport phenomena under earth conditions the effect of gravity causing natural convection in a system with a temperature gradient along a fluid fluid interface is usually much stronger than the marangoni effect many experiments esa maser 1 3 have been conducted under microgravity conditions aboard sounding rockets to observe the marangoni effect without the influence of gravity research on heat pipes performed on the international space station revealed that whilst heat pipes exposed to a temperature gradient on earth cause the inner fluid to evaporate at one end and migrate along the pipe thus drying the hot end in space where the effects of gravity can be ignored the opposite happens and the hot end of the pipe is flooded with liquid 7 this is due to the marangoni effect together with capillary action the fluid is drawn to the hot end of the tube by capillary action but the bulk of the liquid still ends up as a droplet a short distance away from the hottest part of the tube explained by marangoni flow the temperature gradients in axial and radial directions makes the fluid flow away from the hot end and the walls of the tube towards the center axis the liquid forms a droplet with a small contact area with the tube walls a thin film circulating liquid between the cooler droplet and the liquid at the hot end the effect of the marangoni effect on heat transfer in the presence of gas bubbles on the heating surface e g in subcooled nucleate boiling has long been ignored but it is currently a topic of ongoing research interest because of its potential fundamental importance to the understanding of heat transfer in boiling 8 examples and application edit a familiar example is in soap films the marangoni effect stabilizes soap films another instance of the marangoni effect appears in the behavior of convection cells the so called bénard cells one important application of the marangoni effect is the use for drying silicon wafers after a wet processing step during the manufacture of integrated circuits liquid spots left on the wafer surface can cause oxidation that damages components on the wafer to avoid spotting an alcohol vapor ipa or other organic compound in gas vapor or aerosol form is blown through a nozzle over the wet wafer surface or at the meniscus formed between the cleaning liquid and wafer as the wafer is lifted from an immersion bath and the subsequent marangoni effect causes a surface tension gradient in the liquid allowing gravity to more easily pull the liquid completely off the wafer surface effectively leaving a dry wafer surface a similar phenomenon has been creatively utilized to self assemble nanoparticles into ordered arrays 9 and to grow ordered nanotubes 10 an alcohol containing nanoparticles is spread on the substrate followed by blowing humid air over the substrate the alcohol is evaporated under the flow simultaneously water condenses and forms microdroplets on the substrate meanwhile the nanoparticles in alcohol are transferred into the microdroplets and finally form numerous coffee rings on the substrate after drying another application is the manipulation of particles 11 taking advantage of the relevance of the surface tension effects at small scales a controlled thermo capillary convection is created by locally heating the air water interface using an infrared laser then this flow is used to control floating objects in both position and orientation and can prompt the self assembly of floating objects profiting from the cheerios effect the marangoni effect is also important to the fields of welding crystal growth and electron beam melting of metals 1 see also edit plateau rayleigh instability an instability in a stream of liquid diffusioosmosis the marangoni effect is flow at a fluid fluid interface due to a gradient in the interfacial free energy the analog at a fluid solid interface is diffusioosmosis references edit a b marangoni convection comsol archived from the original on 2012 03 08 retrieved 2014 08 06 getling a v 1998 rayleigh bénard convection structures and dynamics reprint ed singapore world scientific isbn 981 02 2657 8 on certain curious motions observable at the surfaces of wine and other alcoholic liquors the london edinburgh and dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science 1855 pp 330 333 sull espansione delle goccie d un liquido galleggianti sulla superficie di altro liquido on the expansion of a droplet of a liquid floating on the surface of another liquid pavia italy fratelli fusi 1869 josiah willard gibbs 1878 on the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances part ii transactions of the connecticut academy of arts and sciences 3 343 524 the equation for the energy that s required to create a surface between two phases appears on page 483 reprinted in josiah willard gibbs with henry andrews bumstead and ralph gibbs van name ed s the scientific papers of j willard gibbs vol 1 new york new york longmans green and co 1906 page 315 a b roché matthieu li zhenzhen griffiths ian m le roux sébastien cantat isabelle saint jalmes arnaud stone howard a 2014 05 20 marangoni flow of soluble amphiphiles physical review letters 112 20 208302 arxiv 1312 3964 bibcode 2014phrvl 112t8302r doi 10 1103 physrevlett 112 208302 issn 0031 9007 s2cid 4837945 kundan akshay plawsky joel l wayner peter c chao david f sicker ronald j motil brian j lorik tibor chestney louis eustace john zoldak john 2015 thermocapillary phenomena and performance limitations of a wickless heat pipe in microgravity physical review letters 114 14 146105 bibcode 2015phrvl 114n6105k doi 10 1103 physrevlett 114 146105 pmid 25910141 petrovic sanja robinson tony judd ross l november 2004 marangoni heat transfer in subcooled nucleate pool boiling international journal of heat and mass transfer 47 23 5115 5128 doi 10 1016 j ijheatmasstransfer 2004 05 031 cai yangjun zhang newby bi min may 2008 marangoni flow induced self assembly of hexagonal and stripelike nanoparticle patterns journal of the american chemical society 130 19 6076 6077 doi 10 1021 ja801438u pmid 18426208 lee wei cheat fang yuanxing kler rantej canciani giacomo e draper thomas c al abdullah zainab t y alfadul sulaiman m perry christopher c he heyong 2015 marangoni ring templated vertically aligned zno nanotube arrays with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production materials chemistry and physics 149 150 12 16 doi 10 1016 j matchemphys 2014 10 046 piñan basualdo franco bolopion aude gauthier michaël lambert pierre march 2021 a microrobotic platform actuated by thermocapillary flows for manipulation at the air water interface science robotics 6 52 doi 10 1126 scirobotics abd3557 pmid 34043549 s2cid 232432662 external links edit motoring oil drops physical review focus february 22 2005 thin film physics iss astronaut don pettit demonstrate youtube movie retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title marangoni_effect oldid 1109280858 categories fluid mechanics convection physical phenomena hidden categories cs1 long volume value articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles containing video clips navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk english views read edit view history more navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us donate contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file tools what links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page information cite this page wikidata item print export download as pdf printable version languages العربية català čeština español فارسی français italiano עברית nederlands português русский українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links this page was last edited on 9 september 2022 at 00 27 utc text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike license 3 0 additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia mobile view developers statistics cookie statement