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Text of the page (random words):
search papers or published books note that access date is the date that the url was found to be working and to support the text being cited see automatic date formatting above for details about interaction with use dmy dates and use mdy dates can be hidden or styled by registered editors alias accessdate archive url the url of an archived snapshot of a web page typically used to refer to services such as internet archive see wikipedia using the wayback machine webcite see help using webcite and archive today see help using archive today requires archive date and url by default overridden by url status live the archived link is displayed first with the original link at the end alias archiveurl archive date archive service snapshot date preceded in display by default text archived from the original on use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations this does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates date 1 do not wikilink templated dates are discouraged see automatic date formatting above for details about interaction with use dmy dates and use mdy dates alias archivedate url status the url status parameter should only be included if an archive url is set if omitted or with null value the default value is url status dead when the url is still live but pre emptively archived then set url status live this changes the display order with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end when the original url is live but no longer supports the article text set url status deviated when the original url has been usurped for the purposes of spam advertising or is otherwise unsuitable setting url status unfit or url status usurped suppresses display of the original url but url and archive url are still required archive format file format of the work referred to by archive url for example pdf doc or xls displayed in parentheses after the archive link html is implied and should not be specified file format annotation is automatically rendered when a pdf icon is displayed does not change the external link icon note external link icons do not include alt text thus they do not add file format information for the visually impaired see using format url access see access indicators for url holding parameters format file format of the work referred to by url for example pdf doc or xls displayed in parentheses after title for media format use type html is implied and should not be specified file format annotation is automatically rendered when a pdf icon is displayed does not change the external link icon note external link icons do not include alt text thus they do not add file format information for the visually impaired see using format urls must begin with a supported uri scheme http and https will be supported by all browsers however ftp gopher irc ircs mailto and news may require a plug in or an external application and should normally be avoided ipv6 host names are currently not supported if urls in citation template parameters contain certain characters then they will not display and link correctly those characters need to be percent encoded for example a space must be replaced by 20 to encode the url replace the following characters with character space encoding 20 22 27 3c 3e 5b 5d 7b 7c 7d single apostrophes do not need to be encoded however unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded however an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion a b access date and archive date in references should all have the same format either the format used for publication dates or yyyy mm dd see mos dateunify periodical work required by cite journal and cite magazine name of the work containing the source may be wikilinked if relevant displays in italics if the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source s publication if script work is defined use work to hold a romanization if available of the title in script work aliases journal newspaper magazine periodical website use latin script for languages written in non latin based scripts arabic chinese cyrillic greek hebrew indic japanese korean etc use a standard romanization in this field script work work title in its original non latin script not italicized follows italicized romanization defined in work if present must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script leave empty for latin based scripts czech french turkish vietnamese etc aliases script journal script newspaper script magazine script periodical script website trans work english translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language displays in square brackets after work or script work aliases trans journal trans newspaper trans magazine trans periodical trans website work zhōngguó piàofáng script work zh 中国票房 trans work china box office issue when the publication is one of a series that is published periodically alias number when the issue has a special title of its own this may be given in italics along with the issue number e g issue 2 modern canadian literature please choose either issue or number depending on what is used in the actual publication if a publication carries both issue and number designations typically one being a year relative and the other an absolute value provide them both for example issue 2 143 displayed in parentheses following volume department title of a regular department column or section within the periodical or journal examples include communication editorial letter to the editor and review displays after title and is in plain text when set work changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation title is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes chapter does not display and will produce an error message publisher publisher name of publisher may be wikilinked if relevant the publisher is the company organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work e g a website book encyclopedia newspaper magazine journal etc if the name of the publisher changed over time use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source s publication corporate designations such as ltd inc or gmbh are not usually included not normally used for periodicals omit where the publisher s name is substantially the same as the name of the work for example the new york times co publishes the new york times newspaper so there is no reason to name the publisher displays after title place for news stories with a dateline the location where the story was written if the name of the location changed over time use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source s publication in earlier versions of the template this was the publication place and for compatibility will be treated as the publication place if the publication place parameter is absent see that parameter for further information alias location publication place geographical place of publication generally not wikilinked omit when the name of the work includes the publication place for example the boston globe the times of india displays after the title if the name of the publication place changed over time use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source s publication if only one of publication place place or location is defined it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title if publication place and place or location are defined then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with written at and publication place is shown after the title publication date date of publication when different from the date the work was written if date or year is also defined and is different then publication date displays preceded by published and enclosed in parentheses following publisher if date or year is not defined publication date is displayed as date use the same format as other dates in the article do not wikilink via name of the content deliverer if different from publisher via is not a replacement for publisher but provides additional detail it may be used when the content deliverer e g newsbank presents the source in a format different from the original when the url provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer where no url or doi is available ebsco or if the deliverer requests attribution see the access level parameters to display access restrictions edition series volume edition when the publication has more than one edition for example 2nd revised and so forth appends the string ed after the field so edition 2nd produces 2nd ed does not display if a periodical field is defined series or version when the source is part of a series such as a book series or a journal where the issue numbering has restarted volume for one publication published in several volumes displays after the title and series fields volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral e g 37 volume values that are wholly digits wholly uppercase roman numerals or fewer than five characters will appear in bold any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold in rare cases publications carry both an ongoing volume and a year related value if so provide them both for example volume iv 10 in source locations page the number of a single page in the source that supports the content use either page or pages but not both displays preceded by colon if hyphenated use hyphen to indicate this is intentional e g page 3 hyphen 12 otherwise several editors and semi automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert page 3 12 to pages 3 ndash 12 alias p or pages a range of pages in the source that supports the content or the range of pages of the article as a whole or both using the following notation article page range content supporting pages for example pp 4 10 5 7 use either page or pages but not both separate using an en dash separate non sequential pages with a comma do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source displays preceded by colon hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens for example pp 3 1 3 15 use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of pages without processing it and use hyphen to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended pages 3 hyphen 1 ndash 3 hyphen 15 alternatively use at like this at pp 3 1 3 15 alias pp or at for sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient overridden by page or pages use only one of page pages or at examples page p or pages pp section sec column col paragraph para track hours minutes and seconds act scene canto book part folio stanza back cover liner notes indicia colophon dust jacket verse for quote page and quote pages used in conjunction with quote see here identifiers id a unique identifier used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable wikilink or use an external link template as applicable for example id ncj 122967 will append ncj 122967 at the end of the citation you can use templates such as id ncj 122967 to append ncj 122967 instead the following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value using multiple values or other text will break the link and or invalidate the identifier in general the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier e g rfc 822 or pmc 345678 arxiv arxiv identifier for example arxiv hep th 9205027 before april 2007 or arxiv 0706 0001 april 2007 december 2014 or arxiv 1501 00001 since january 2015 do not include extraneous file extensions like pdf or html aliases eprint asin amazon standard identification number if first character of asin value is a digit use isbn because this link favours one specific distributor include it only if standard identifiers are not available example asin b00005n5pf aliases asin asin tld asin top level domain for amazon sites other than the us valid values ae au br ca cn de es fr in it jp mx nl pl sa se sg tr uk aliases none bibcode bibcode used by a number of astronomical data systems for example 1974aj 79 819h aliases none biorxiv biorxiv id as in the entire doi e g 10 1101 078733 for http biorxiv org content early 2016 10 01 078733 or https doi org 10 1101 078733 10 1101 2020 07 24 220400 for https doi org 10 1101 2020 07 24 220400 aliases none citeseerx citeseerx id a string of digits and dots found in a citeseerx url e g 10 1 1 176 341 for http citeseerx ist psu edu viewdoc summary doi 10 1 1 176 341 aliases none doi digital object identifier for example 10 1038 news070508 7 it is checked to ensure it begins with 10 aliases doi supports accept this as written markup to indicate valid dois using a non standard format see below doi broken date date a valid doi was found to be non working inactive at https doi org use the same format as other dates in the article aliases none eissn international standard serial number for the electronic media of a serial publication eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen but not an en dash or a space example eissn 1557 2986 aliases eissn supports accept this as written markup to indicate valid eissns using a non standard format see below hdl handle system identifier for digital objects and other resources on the internet example hdl 20 1000 100 aliases hdl isbn international standard book number for example 978 0 8126 9593 9 see wikipedia isbn and isbn overview hyphens in the isbn are optional but preferred use the isbn actually printed on or in the book use the 13 digit isbn beginning with 978 or 979 when it is available if only a 10 digit isbn is printed on or in the book use it isbns can be found on the page with the publisher s information usually the back of the title page or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not isbns for sources with the older 9 digit sbn system use sbn do not convert a 10 digit isbn to 13 digit by just adding the 978 prefix the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the isbn invalid this parameter should hold only the isbn without any additional characters it is checked for length invalid characters anything other than numbers spaces and hyphens with x permitted as the last character in a 10 digit isbn and the proper check digit aliases isbn supports accept this as written markup to indicate valid isbns using a non standard format see below ismn international standard music number for example 979 0 9016791 7 7 hyphens or spaces in the ismn are optional use the ismn actually printed on or in the work this parameter should hold only th...