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atest preview version of a future release 4 1 2022 06 17 4 1 rc1 2022 11 22 release candidate legend old version older version still maintained latest version latest preview version future release main features edit distributed every node in the cluster has the same role there is no single point of failure data is distributed across the cluster so each node contains different data but there is no master as every node can service any request supports replication and multi data center replication replication strategies are configurable 17 cassandra is designed as a distributed system for deployment of large numbers of nodes across multiple data centers key features of cassandra s distributed architecture are specifically tailored for multiple data center deployment for redundancy for failover and disaster recovery scalability designed to have read and write throughput both increase linearly as new machines are added with the aim of no downtime or interruption to applications fault tolerant data is automatically replicated to multiple nodes for fault tolerance replication across multiple data centers is supported failed nodes can be replaced with no downtime tunable consistency cassandra is typically classified as an ap system meaning that availability and partition tolerance are generally considered to be more important than consistency in cassandra 18 writes and reads offer a tunable level of consistency all the way from writes never fail to block for all replicas to be readable with the quorum level in the middle 19 mapreduce support cassandra has hadoop integration with mapreduce support there is support also for apache pig and apache hive 20 query language cassandra introduced the cassandra query language cql cql is a simple interface for accessing cassandra as an alternative to the traditional structured query language sql eventual consistency cassandra manages eventual consistency of reads upserts and deletes through tombstones cassandra query language edit cassandra introduced the cassandra query language cql cql is a simple interface for accessing cassandra as an alternative to the traditional structured query language sql cql adds an abstraction layer that hides implementation details of this structure and provides native syntaxes for collections and other common encodings language drivers are available for java jdbc python dbapi2 node js datastax go gocql and c 21 the keyspace in cassandra is a namespace that defines data replication across nodes therefore replication is defined at the keyspace level below an example of keyspace creation including a column family in cql 3 0 22 create keyspace mykeyspace with replication class simplestrategy replication_factor 3 use mykeyspace create columnfamily mycolumns id text lastname text firstname text primary key id insert into mycolumns id lastname firstname values 1 doe john select from mycolumns which gives id lastname firstname 1 doe john 1 rows known issues edit up to cassandra 1 0 cassandra was not row level consistent 23 meaning that inserts and updates into the table that affect the same row that are processed at approximately the same time may affect the non key columns in inconsistent ways one update may affect one column while another affects the other resulting in sets of values within the row that were never specified or intended cassandra 1 1 solved this issue by introducing row level isolation 24 cassandra is not supported on windows as of version 4 see issue cassandra 16171 25 tombstones edit deletion markers called tombstones are known to cause severe performance degradation 26 data model edit cassandra is wide column store and as such essentially a hybrid between a key value and a tabular database management system its data model is a partitioned row store with tunable consistency 19 rows are organized into tables the first component of a table s primary key is the partition key within a partition rows are clustered by the remaining columns of the key 27 other columns may be indexed separately from the primary key 28 tables may be created dropped and altered at run time without blocking updates and queries 29 cassandra cannot do joins or subqueries rather cassandra emphasizes denormalization through features like collections 30 a column family called table since cql 3 resembles a table in an rdbms relational database management system column families contain rows and columns each row is uniquely identified by a row key each row has multiple columns each of which has a name value and a timestamp unlike a table in an rdbms different rows in the same column family do not have to share the same set of columns and a column may be added to one or multiple rows at any time 31 each key in cassandra corresponds to a value which is an object each key has values as columns and columns are grouped together into sets called column families thus each key identifies a row of a variable number of elements these column families could be considered then as tables a table in cassandra is a distributed multi dimensional map indexed by a key furthermore applications can specify the sort order of columns within a super column or simple column family management and monitoring edit cassandra is a java based system that can be managed and monitored via java management extensions jmx the jmx compliant nodetool utility for instance can be used to manage a cassandra cluster adding nodes to a ring draining nodes decommissioning nodes and so on 32 nodetool also offers a number of commands to return cassandra metrics pertaining to disk usage latency compaction garbage collection and more 33 since cassandra 2 0 2 in 2013 measures of several metrics are produced via the dropwizard metrics framework 34 and may be queried via jmx using tools such as jconsole or passed to external monitoring systems via dropwizard compatible reporter plugins 35 see also edit free and open source software portal bigtable original distributed database by google distributed database distributed hash table dht dynamo storage system cassandra borrows many elements from dynamo scylla a distributed data store written in c that s api compatible with cassandra references edit https github com apache cassandra releases tag cassandra 4 0 7 casares joaquin 2012 11 05 multi datacenter replication in cassandra datastax retrieved 2013 07 25 cassandra s innate datacenter concepts are important as they allow multiple workloads to be run across multiple datacenters apache cassandra documentation overview retrieved 2021 01 21 hamilton james july 12 2008 facebook releases cassandra as open source retrieved 2009 06 04 is this the new hotness now mail archive com 2009 03 02 archived from the original on 25 april 2010 retrieved 2010 03 29 cassandra is an apache top level project mail archive com 2010 02 18 archived from the original on 28 march 2010 retrieved 2010 03 29 the meaning behind the name of apache cassandra archived from the original on 2016 11 01 retrieved 2016 07 19 apache cassandra is named after the greek mythological prophet cassandra because of her beauty apollo granted her the ability of prophecy when cassandra of troy refused apollo he put a curse on her so that all of her and her descendants predictions would not be believed cassandra is the cursed oracle the apache software foundation announces apache cassandra release 0 6 the apache software foundation blog retrieved 5 january 2016 the apache software foundation announces apache cassandra 0 7 the apache software foundation blog retrieved 5 january 2016 eric evans cassandra user release 0 8 0 archived from the original on 8 june 2015 retrieved 5 january 2016 cassandra 1 0 0 is ready for the enterprise infoq retrieved 5 january 2016 the apache software foundation announces apache cassandra v1 1 the apache software foundation blog retrieved 5 january 2016 the apache software foundation announces apache cassandra v1 2 the apache software foundation blog apache org retrieved 11 december 2014 sylvain lebresne 10 september 2014 vote success release apache cassandra 2 1 0 mail archive com retrieved 11 december 2014 cassandra 2 2 3 0 and beyond 16 june 2015 retrieved 22 april 2016 cassandra server releases cassandra apache org retrieved 15 december 2015 deploying cassandra across multiple data centers datastax retrieved 11 december 2014 the cap theorem learn cassandra teddyma gitbooks io a b datastax 2013 01 15 about data consistency archived from the original on 2013 07 26 retrieved 2013 07 25 hadoop support archived 2017 11 16 at the wayback machine article on cassandra s wiki datastax c c driver for apache cassandra datastax retrieved 15 december 2014 cql archived from the original on 13 january 2016 retrieved 5 january 2016 wat cassandra row level consistency datanerds io datanerds io retrieved 28 november 2016 lebresne sylvain 2012 02 21 coming up in cassandra 1 1 row level isolation datastax always on data platform nosql apache cassandra retrieved 2018 07 18 how do i build or install cassandra 4 0 on windows 10 datastax community 2021 07 31 retrieved 2022 04 07 rodriguez alain 27 jul 2016 about deletes and tombstones in cassandra ellis jonathan 2012 02 15 schema in cassandra 1 1 datastax retrieved 2013 07 25 ellis jonathan 2010 12 03 what s new in cassandra 0 7 secondary indexes datastax retrieved 2013 07 25 ellis jonathan 2012 03 02 the schema management renaissance in cassandra 1 1 datastax retrieved 2013 07 25 lebresne sylvain 2012 08 05 coming in 1 2 collections support in cql3 datastax retrieved 2013 07 25 datastax apache cassandra 0 7 documentation column families apache cassandra 0 7 documentation retrieved 29 october 2012 nodetool cassandra wiki archived from the original on 13 january 2016 retrieved 5 january 2016 how to monitor cassandra performance metrics datadog 3 december 2015 retrieved 5 january 2016 metrics cassandra wiki retrieved 5 january 2016 monitoring cassandra documentation retrieved 1 february 2018 bibliography edit carpenter jeff hewitt eben july 24 2016 cassandra the definitive guide 2nd ed o reilly media p 370 isbn 978 1 4919 3366 4 capriolo edward july 15 2011 cassandra high performance cookbook 1st ed packt publishing p 324 isbn 978 1 84951 512 2 hewitt eben december 15 2010 cassandra the definitive guide 1st ed o reilly media p 300 isbn 978 1 4493 9041 9 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to apache cassandra wikiversity has learning resources about big data cassandra lakshman avinash 2008 08 25 cassandra a structured storage system on a p2p network engineering facebook s notes retrieved 2014 06 17 the apache cassandra project forest hill md usa the apache software foundation retrieved 2014 06 17 project wiki forest hill md usa the apache software foundation archived from the original on 2014 06 14 retrieved 2014 06 17 hewitt eben 2010 12 01 adopting apache cassandra infoq com infoq c4media inc retrieved 2014 06 17 lakshman avinash malik prashant 2009 08 15 cassandra a decentralized structured storage system pdf cs cornell edu the authors are from facebook retrieved 2014 06 17 ellis jonathan 2009 07 29 what every developer should know about database scalability slideshare net retrieved 2014 06 17 from the oscon 2009 talk on rdbms vs dynamo bigtable and cassandra cassandra rpm red hat package manager rpm build for the apache cassandra project code google com menlo park ca usa google project hosting retrieved 2014 06 17 roth gregor 2012 10 14 cassandra by example the path of read and write requests slideshare net retrieved 2014 06 17 mansoor umer 2012 11 04 a collection of cassandra tutorials retrieved 2015 02 08 bushik sergey 2012 10 22 a vendor independent comparison of nosql databases cassandra hbase mongodb riak networkworld framingham ma usa and staines middlesex uk idg archived from the original on 2014 05 28 retrieved 2014 06 17 v t e the apache software foundation top level projects accumulo activemq airflow ambari ant aries arrow apache http server apr avro axis axis2 beam bloodhound brooklyn buildr calcite camel carbondata cassandra cayenne chemistry cloudstack cocoon cordova couchdb ctakes cxf derby directory drill druid empire db felix flex flink flume freemarker geronimo giraph gump hadoop hbase helix hive impala jackrabbit james jena jini jmeter kafka kudu kylin lucene mahout maven mina mod_perl myfaces nifi netbeans nutch ofbiz oozie openejb openjpa opennlp oрenoffice orc pdfbox parquet phoenix poi pig pinot pivot qpid roller rocketmq samza servicemix shiro singa sling solr spark storm spamassassin struts 1 struts 2 subversion superset systemds tapestry thrift tika tomcat trafodion traffic server uima velocity wicket xalan xerces xmlbeans yetus zookeeper commons bcel bsf daemon jelly logging incubator mxnet nuttx taverna other projects batik chainsaw fop ivy log4j attic abdera apex axkit beehive bluesky ibatis c standard library cactus click continuum deltacloud etch excalibur forrest hama harmony hivemind jakarta lenya marmotta ode shale shindig slide sqoop stanbol tuscany wave wink xml licenses apache license category v t e meta platforms services facebook service features beacon bluetooth beacon credits dating edgerank feed gaming graph search instant articles like button live lookalike audience onion address platform connect safety check stories watch list of original programs zero other applications atlas solutions express wi fi giphy free basics instagram hyperlapse igtv list of most followed accounts list of most liked pictures messenger kids rooms mapillary oculus quest quest 2 rift cv1 s go touch portal whatsapp workplace zuck bucks former friendfeed home htc first m onavo paper slingshot tbh wirehog people founders mark zuckerberg 28 equity dustin moskovitz 7 eduardo saverin 5 formerly chris hughes 1 formerly andrew mccollum board current mark zuckerberg sheryl sandberg marc andreessen drew houston nancy killefer robert m kimmitt tony xu former peter thiel executive officers current mark zuckerberg chairman and ceo andrew bosworth cto chris cox cpo marne levine chief business officer nick clegg president of global affairs jennifer newstead chief legal officer former sean parker 4 formerly owen van natta gideon yu adam d angelo chris kelly bret taylor sheryl sandberg mike schroepfer david wehner david ebersman alex stamos notable employees current lars rasmussen graph search director john carmack cto of oculus vr hugo barra vp of oculus vr naomi gleit vp of social good former blake ross director of product ted ullyot vp general counsel and secretary matt cohler charlie cheever randi zuckerberg yishan wong george hotz joe lockhart andrei alexandrescu research scientist elliot schrage vp of global communications marketing and public policy open source apache cassandra apache hive apache thrift buck fql hack hhvm hiphop for php infer myrocks open compute project phabricator react react native rocksdb scribe telecom infra project tornado mass media the facebook effect the accidental bi...