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which could lead to confusion for example if the preferences of a user are encoded in the query string of a url and the user sends this url to another user by e mail those preferences will be used for that other user as well moreover if the same user accesses the same page multiple times from different sources there is no guarantee that the same query string will be used each time for example if a user visits a page by coming from a page internal to the site the first time and then visits the same page by coming from an external search engine the second time the query strings would likely be different if cookies were used in this situation the cookies would be the same other drawbacks of query strings are related to security storing data that identifies a session in a query string enables session fixation attacks referer logging attacks and other security exploits transferring session identifiers as http cookies is more secure hidden form fields another form of session tracking is to use web forms with hidden fields this technique is very similar to using url query strings to hold the information and has many of the same advantages and drawbacks in fact if the form is handled with the http get method then this technique is similar to using url query strings since the get method adds the form fields to the url as a query string but most forms are handled with http post which causes the form information including the hidden fields to be sent in the http request body which is neither part of the url nor of a cookie this approach presents two advantages from the point of view of the tracker first having the tracking information placed in the http request body rather than in the url means it will not be noticed by the average user second the session information is not copied when the user copies the url to bookmark the page or send it via email for example window name dom property all current web browsers can store a fairly large amount of data 2 32 mb via javascript using the dom property window name this data can be used instead of session cookies the technique can be coupled with json javascript objects to store complex sets of session variables on the client side the downside is that every separate window or tab will initially have an empty window name property when opened in some respects this can be more secure than cookies due to the fact that its contents are not automatically sent to the server on every request like cookies are so it is not vulnerable to network cookie sniffing attacks tracking ip address some users may be tracked based on the ip address of the computer requesting the page the server knows the ip address of the computer running the browser or the proxy if any is used and could theoretically link a user s session to this ip address however ip addresses are generally not a reliable way to track a session or identify a user many computers designed to be used by a single user such as office pcs or home pcs are behind a network address translator nat this means that several pcs will share a public ip address furthermore some systems such as tor are designed to retain internet anonymity rendering tracking by ip address impractical impossible or a security risk etag main article http etag tracking using etags because etags are cached by the browser and returned with subsequent requests for the same resource a tracking server can simply repeat any etag received from the browser to ensure an assigned etag persists indefinitely in a similar way to persistent cookies additional caching header fields can also enhance the preservation of etag data etags can be flushed in some browsers by clearing the browser cache browser cache main article web cache the browser cache can also be used to store information that can be used to track individual users this technique takes advantage of the fact that the web browser will use resources stored within the cache instead of downloading them from the website when it determines that the cache already has the most up to date version of the resource for example a website could serve a javascript file with code that sets a unique identifier for the user for example var userid 3243242 after the user s initial visit every time the user accesses the page this file will be loaded from the cache instead of downloaded from the server thus its content will never change browser fingerprint main article device fingerprint a browser fingerprint is information collected about a browser s configuration such as version number screen resolution and operating system for the purpose of identification fingerprints can be used to fully or partially identify individual users or devices even when cookies are turned off basic web browser configuration information has long been collected by web analytics services in an effort to accurately measure real human web traffic and discount various forms of click fraud with the assistance of client side scripting languages collection of much more esoteric parameters is possible 97 98 assimilation of such information into a single string constitutes a device fingerprint in 2010 eff measured at least 18 1 bits of entropy possible from browser fingerprinting 99 canvas fingerprinting a more recent technique claims to add another 5 7 bits web storage main article web storage some web browsers support persistence mechanisms which allow the page to store the information locally for later use the html5 standard which most modern web browsers support to some extent includes a javascript api called web storage that allows two types of storage local storage and session storage local storage behaves similarly to persistent cookies while session storage behaves similarly to session cookies except that session storage is tied to an individual tab window s lifetime aka a page session not to a whole browser session like session cookies 100 internet explorer supports persistent information 101 in the browser s history in the browser s 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firefox starts blocking third party ...