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k connections transcriptional complexes methods leverage information on protein protein interactions between transcription factors thus extending the concept of gene networks to include transcriptional regulatory complexes often gene network reliability is tested by genetic perturbation experiments followed by dynamic modelling based on the principle that removing one network node has predictable effects on the functioning of the remaining nodes of the network 39 applications of the reverse engineering of gene networks range from understanding mechanisms of plant physiology 40 to the highlighting of new targets for anticancer therapy 41 overlap with patent law edit reverse engineering applies primarily to gaining understanding of a process or artifact in which the manner of its construction use or internal processes has not been made clear by its creator patented items do not of themselves have to be reverse engineered to be studied for the essence of a patent is that inventors provide a detailed public disclosure themselves and in return receive legal protection of the invention that is involved however an item produced under one or more patents could also include other technology that is not patented and not disclosed indeed one common motivation of reverse engineering is to determine whether a competitor s product contains patent infringement or copyright infringement legality edit united states edit in the united states even if an artifact or process is protected by trade secrets reverse engineering the artifact or process is often lawful if it has been legitimately obtained 42 reverse engineering of computer software often falls under both contract law as a breach of contract as well as any other relevant laws that is because most end user license agreements specifically prohibit it and us courts have ruled that if such terms are present they override the copyright law that expressly permits it see bowers v baystate technologies 43 44 according to section 103 f of the digital millennium copyright act 17 u s c 1201 f a person in legal possession of a program may reverse engineer and circumvent its protection if that is necessary to achieve interoperability a term that broadly covers other devices and programs that can interact with it make use of it and to use and transfer data to and from it in useful ways a limited exemption exists that allows the knowledge thus gained to be shared and used for interoperability purposes 45 european union edit eu directive 2009 24 on the legal protection of computer programs which superseded an earlier 1991 directive 46 governs reverse engineering in the european union 47 48 see also edit antikythera mechanism backward induction benchmarking bus analyzer chonda clone computing clean room design cmm code morphing connectix virtual game station counterfeiting cryptanalysis decompile deformulation digital millennium copyright act dmca disassembler dongle forensic engineering industrial ct scanning interactive disassembler knowledge discovery metamodel laser scanner list of production topics listeroid engines logic analyzer paycheck product teardown repurposing reverse architecture round trip engineering retrodiction sega v accolade software archaeology software cracking structured light digitizer value engineering references edit a b what is reverse engineering how does it work searchsoftwarequality retrieved 2022 07 27 reverse engineering ethics csc ncsu edu retrieved 2022 07 27 thayer ken how does reverse engineering work globalspec ieee global spec retrieved 26 february 2018 villaverde alejandro f banga julio r 6 february 2014 reverse engineering and identification in systems biology strategies perspectives and challenges journal of the royal society interface 11 91 20130505 doi 10 1098 rsif 2013 0505 pmc 3869153 pmid 24307566 a b c chikofsky e j cross j h ii 1990 reverse engineering and design recovery a taxonomy ieee software 7 1 13 17 doi 10 1109 52 43044 s2cid 16266661 a b a survey of reverse engineering and program comprehension michael l nelson april 19 1996 odu cs 551 software engineering survey arxiv cs 0503068v1 vinesh raja kiran j fernandes 2007 reverse engineering an industrial perspective springer science business media p 3 isbn 978 1 84628 856 2 jonathan band masanobu katoh 2011 interfaces on trial 2 0 mit press p 136 isbn 978 0 262 29446 1 a b c chikofsky e j cross j h january 1990 reverse engineering and design recovery a taxonomy pdf ieee software 7 13 17 doi 10 1109 52 43044 s2cid 16266661 archived from the original pdf on 2018 04 17 retrieved 2012 07 02 a b c d e f g h eilam eldad 2005 reversing secrets of reverse engineering john wiley sons isbn 978 0 7645 7481 8 internet engineering task force rfc 2828 internet security glossary karwowski waldemar trzcielinski stefan mrugalsk beata dinicolantonio massimo rossi emilio 2018 advances in manufacturing production management and process control pp 287 288 varady t martin r cox j 1997 reverse engineering of geometric models an introduction computer aided design 29 4 255 268 doi 10 1016 s0010 4485 96 00054 1 reverse engineering warden r 1992 software reuse and reverse engineering in practice london england chapman hall pp 283 305 working conference on reverse engineering wcre uni trier de computer science bibliography archived from the original on 14 march 2017 retrieved 22 february 2018 shahbaz muzammil 2012 reverse engineering and testing of black box software components by grammatical inference techniques lap lambert academic publishing isbn 978 3659140730 chuvakin anton cyrus peikari january 2004 security warrior 1st ed o reilly archived from the original on 2006 05 22 retrieved 2006 05 25 samuelson pamela scotchmer suzanne 2002 the law and economics of reverse engineering yale law journal 111 7 1575 1663 doi 10 2307 797533 jstor 797533 archived from the original on 2010 07 15 retrieved 2011 10 31 samba an introduction 2001 11 27 retrieved 2009 05 07 lee newton 2013 counterterrorism 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mechanisms 1863 6 194523 doi 10 1016 j bbagrm 2020 194523 hdl 11585 753853 issn 1874 9399 pmid 32145356 s2cid 212629142 a b mercatelli daniele scalambra laura triboli luca ray forest giorgi federico m 2020 gene regulatory network inference resources a practical overview biochimica et biophysica acta bba gene regulatory mechanisms 1863 6 194430 doi 10 1016 j bbagrm 2019 194430 issn 1874 9399 pmid 31678629 s2cid 207895066 tegner j yeung m k s hasty j collins j j 2003 reverse engineering gene networks integrating genetic perturbations with dynamical modeling proceedings of the national academy of sciences 100 10 5944 5949 bibcode 2003pnas 100 5944t doi 10 1073 pnas 0933416100 issn 0027 8424 pmc 156306 pmid 12730377 friedel swetlana usadel björn von wirén nicolaus sreenivasulu nese 2012 reverse engineering a key component of systems biology to unravel global abiotic stress cross talk frontiers in plant science 3 294 doi 10 3389 fpls 2012 00294 issn 1664 462x pmc 3533172 pmid 23293646 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previously been readily available to the person engaging in the circumvention to the extent any such acts of identification and analysis do not constitute infringement under this title 2 notwithstanding the provisions of subsections a 2 and b a person may develop and employ technological means to circumvent a technological measure or to circumvent protection afforded by a technological measure in order to enable the identification and analysis under paragraph 1 or for the purpose of enabling interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs if such means are necessary to achieve such interoperability to the extent that doing so does not constitute infringement under this title 3 the information acquired through the acts permitted under paragraph 1 and the means permitted under paragraph 2 may be made available to others if the person referred to in paragraph 1 or 2 as the case may be provides such information or means solely for the purpose of enabling interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs and to the extent that doing so does not constitute infringement under this title or violate applicable law other than this section 4 for purposes of this subsection the term interoperability means the ability of computer programs to exchange information and of such programs mutually to use the information which has been exchanged council directive 91 250 eec of 14 may 1991 on the legal protection of computer programs eur lex europa eu retrieved on 2011 05 29 directive 2009 24 ec of the european parliament and of the council of 23 april 2009 on the legal protection of computer programs the directive states the unauthorised reproduction translation adaptation or transformation of the form of the code in which a copy of a computer program has been made available constitutes an infringement of the exclusive rights of the author nevertheless circumstances may exist when such a reproduction of the code and translation of its form are indispensable to obtain the necessary information to achieve the interoperability of an independently created program with other programs it has therefore to be considered that in these limited circumstances only performance of the acts of reproduction and translation by or on behalf of a person having a right to use a copy of the program is legitimate and compatible with fair practice and must therefore be deemed not to require the authorisation of the rightholder an objective of this exception is to make it possible to connect all components of a computer system including those of different manufacturers so that they can work together such an exception to the author s exclusive rights may not be used in a way which prejudices the legitimate interests of the rightholder or which conflicts with a normal exploitation of the program sources edit eilam eldad 2005 reversing secrets of reverse engineering wiley publishing p 595 isbn 978 0 7645 7481 8 elvidge julia using reverse engineering to discover patent infringement chipworks sept 2010 online http www photonics com article aspx aid 44063 cipresso teodoro 2009 software reverse engineering education sjsu master s thesis retrieved 2009 08 22 hausi a müller and holger m kienle a small primer on software reverse engineering technical report university of victoria 17 pages march 2009 online http holgerkienle wikispaces com file view mk uvic 09 pdf heines henry determining infringement by x ray diffraction chemical engineering process jan 1999 example of reverse engineering used to detect ip infringement huang andrew 2003 hacking the xbox an introduction to reverse engineering no starch press isbn 978 1593270292 james dick january 19 2006 reverse engineering delivers product knowledge aids technology spread electronic design penton media inc retrieved 2009 02 03 messler robert 2013 reverse engineering mechanisms structures systems materials mcgraw hill isbn 978 0071825160 introduction to hardware teardowns including metho...