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Text of the page (random words):
cribe the schema typical xml apis such as sax do not attempt to offer applications a structured representation of the syntax so it is less accessible to programmers than an element based syntax may be two peculiar features that distinguish dtds from other schema types are the syntactic support for embedding a dtd within xml documents and for defining entities which are arbitrary fragments of text or markup that the xml processor inserts in the dtd itself and in the xml document wherever they are referenced like character escapes dtd technology is still used in many applications because of its ubiquity schema edit main article xml schema w3c a newer schema language described by the w3c as the successor of dtds is xml schema often referred to by the initialism for xml schema instances xsd xml schema definition xsds are far more powerful than dtds in describing xml languages they use a rich datatyping system and allow for more detailed constraints on an xml document s logical structure xsds also use an xml based format which makes it possible to use ordinary xml tools to help process them xs schema element that defines a schema xml version 1 0 encoding utf 8 xs schema xmlns xs http www w3 org 2001 xmlschema xs schema relax ng edit relax ng regular language for xml next generation was initially specified by oasis and is now a standard part 2 regular grammar based validation of iso iec 19757 dsdl relax ng schemas may be written in either an xml based syntax or a more compact non xml syntax the two syntaxes are isomorphic and james clark s conversion tool trang can convert between them without loss of information relax ng has a simpler definition and validation framework than xml schema making it easier to use and implement it also has the ability to use datatype framework plug ins a relax ng schema author for example can require values in an xml document to conform to definitions in xml schema datatypes schematron edit schematron is a language for making assertions about the presence or absence of patterns in an xml document it typically uses xpath expressions schematron is now a standard part 3 rule based validation of iso iec 19757 dsdl dsdl and other schema languages edit dsdl document schema definition languages is a multi part iso iec standard iso iec 19757 that brings together a comprehensive set of small schema languages each targeted at specific problems dsdl includes relax ng full and compact syntax schematron assertion language and languages for defining datatypes character repertoire constraints renaming and entity expansion and namespace based routing of document fragments to different validators dsdl schema languages do not have the vendor support of xml schemas yet and are to some extent a grassroots reaction of industrial publishers to the lack of utility of xml schemas for publishing some schema languages not only describe the structure of a particular xml format but also offer limited facilities to influence processing of individual xml files that conform to this format dtds and xsds both have this ability they can for instance provide the infoset augmentation facility and attribute defaults relax ng and schematron intentionally do not provide these related specifications edit a cluster of specifications closely related to xml have been developed starting soon after the initial publication of xml 1 0 it is frequently the case that the term xml is used to refer to xml together with one or more of these other technologies that have come to be seen as part of the xml core xml namespaces enable the same document to contain xml elements and attributes taken from different vocabularies without any naming collisions occurring although xml namespaces are not part of the xml specification itself virtually all xml software also supports xml namespaces xml base defines the xml base attribute which may be used to set the base for resolution of relative uri references within the scope of a single xml element xml information set or xml infoset is an abstract data model for xml documents in terms of information items the infoset is commonly used in the specifications of xml languages for convenience in describing constraints on the xml constructs those languages allow xsl extensible stylesheet language is a family of languages used to transform and render xml documents split into three parts xslt xsl transformations an xml language for transforming xml documents into other xml documents or other formats such as html plain text or xsl fo xslt is very tightly coupled with xpath which it uses to address components of the input xml document mainly elements and attributes xsl fo xsl formatting objects an xml language for rendering xml documents often used to generate pdfs xpath xml path language a non xml language for addressing the components elements attributes and so on of an xml document xpath is widely used in other core xml specifications and in programming libraries for accessing xml encoded data xquery xml query is an xml query language strongly rooted in xpath and xml schema it provides methods to access manipulate and return xml and is mainly conceived as a query language for xml databases xml signature defines syntax and processing rules for creating digital signatures on xml content xml encryption defines syntax and processing rules for encrypting xml content xml model part 11 schema association of iso iec 19757 dsdl defines a means of associating any xml document with any of the schema types mentioned above some other specifications conceived as part of the xml core have failed to find wide adoption including xinclude xlink and xpointer programming interfaces edit the design goals of xml include it shall be easy to write programs which process xml documents 6 despite this the xml specification contains almost no information about how programmers might go about doing such processing the xml infoset specification provides a vocabulary to refer to the constructs within an xml document but does not provide any guidance on how to access this information a variety of apis for accessing xml have been developed and used and some have been standardized existing apis for xml processing tend to fall into these categories stream oriented apis accessible from a programming language for example sax and stax tree traversal apis accessible from a programming language for example dom xml data binding which provides an automated translation between an xml document and programming language objects declarative transformation languages such as xslt and xquery syntax extensions to general purpose programming languages for example linq and scala stream oriented facilities require less memory and for certain tasks based on a linear traversal of an xml document are faster and simpler than other alternatives tree traversal and data binding apis typically require the use of much more memory but are often found more convenient for use by programmers some include declarative retrieval of document components via the use of xpath expressions xslt is designed for declarative description of xml document transformations and has been widely implemented both in server side packages and web browsers xquery overlaps xslt in its functionality but is designed more for searching of large xml databases simple api for xml edit main article simple api for xml simple api for xml sax is a lexical event driven api in which a document is read serially and its contents are reported as callbacks to various methods on a handler object of the user s design sax is fast and efficient to implement but difficult to use for extracting information at random from the xml since it tends to burden the application author with keeping track of what part of the document is being processed it is better suited to situations in which certain types of information are always handled the same way no matter where they occur in the document pull parsing edit pull parsing treats the document as a series of items read in sequence using the iterator design pattern this allows for writing of recursive descent parsers in which the structure of the code performing the parsing mirrors the structure of the xml being parsed and intermediate parsed results can be used and accessed as local variables within the functions performing the parsing or passed down as function parameters into lower level functions or returned as function return values to higher level functions 21 examples of pull parsers include data edit xml in perl stax in the java programming language xmlpullparser in smalltalk xmlreader in php elementtree iterparse in python system xml xmlreader in the net framework and the dom traversal api nodeiterator and treewalker a pull parser creates an iterator that sequentially visits the various elements attributes and data in an xml document code that uses this iterator can test the current item to tell for example whether it is a start tag or end tag or text and inspect its attributes local name namespace values of xml attributes value of text etc and can also move the iterator to the next item the code can thus extract information from the document as it traverses it the recursive descent approach tends to lend itself to keeping data as typed local variables in the code doing the parsing while sax for instance typically requires a parser to manually maintain intermediate data within a stack of elements that are parent elements of the element being parsed pull parsing code can be more straightforward to understand and maintain than sax parsing code document object model edit main article document object model document object model dom is an api that allows for navigation of the entire document as if it were a tree of node objects representing the document s contents a dom document can be created by a parser or can be generated manually by users with limitations data types in dom nodes are abstract implementations provide their own programming language specific bindings dom implementations tend to be memory intensive as they generally require the entire document to be loaded into memory and constructed as a tree of objects before access is allowed data binding edit xml data binding is the binding of xml documents to a hierarchy of custom and strongly typed objects in contrast to the generic objects created by a dom parser this approach simplifies code development and in many cases allows problems to be identified at compile time rather than run time it is suitable for applications where the document structure is known and fixed at the time the application is written example data binding systems include the java architecture for xml binding jaxb xml serialization in net framework 22 and xml serialization in gsoap xml as data type edit xml has appeared as a first class data type in other languages the ecmascript for xml e4x extension to the ecmascript javascript language explicitly defines two specific objects xml and xmllist for javascript which support xml document nodes and xml node lists as distinct objects and use a dot notation specifying parent child relationships 23 e4x is supported by the mozilla 2 5 browsers though now deprecated and adobe actionscript but has not been adopted more universally similar notations are used in microsoft s linq implementation for microsoft net 3 5 and above and in scala which uses the java vm the open source xmlsh application which provides a linux like shell with special features for xml manipulation similarly treats xml as a data type using the notation 24 the resource description framework defines a data type rdf xmlliteral to hold wrapped canonical xml 25 facebook has produced extensions to the php and javascript languages that add xml to the core syntax in a similar fashion to e4x namely xhp and jsx respectively history edit xml is an application profile of sgml iso 8879 26 the versatility of sgml for dynamic information display was understood by early digital media publishers in the late 1980s prior to the rise of the internet 27 28 by the mid 1990s some practitioners of sgml had gained experience with the then new world wide web and believed that sgml offered solutions to some of the problems the web was likely to face as it grew dan connolly added sgml to the list of w3c s activities when he joined the staff in 1995 work began in mid 1996 when sun microsystems engineer jon bosak developed a charter and recruited collaborators bosak was well connected in the small community of people who had experience both in sgml and the web 29 xml was compiled by a working group of eleven members 30 supported by a roughly 150 member interest group technical debate took place on the interest group mailing list and issues were resolved by consensus or when that failed majority vote of the working group a record of design decisions and their rationales was compiled by michael sperberg mcqueen on december 4 1997 31 james clark served as technical lead of the working group notably contributing the empty element empty syntax and the name xml other names that had been put forward for consideration included magma minimal architecture for generalized markup applications slim structured language for internet markup and mgml minimal generalized markup language the co editors of the specification were originally tim bray and michael sperberg mcqueen halfway through the project bray accepted a consulting engagement with netscape provoking vociferous protests from microsoft bray was temporarily asked to resign the editorship this led to intense dispute in the working group eventually solved by the appointment of microsoft s jean paoli as a third co editor the xml working group never met face to face the design was accomplished using a combination of email and weekly teleconferences the major design decisions were reached in a short burst of intense work between august and november 1996 32 when the first working draft of an xml specification was published 33 further design work continued through 1997 and xml 1 0 became a w3c recommendation on february 10 1998 sources edit xml is a profile of an iso standard sgml and most of xml comes from sgml unchanged from sgml comes the separation of logical and physical structures elements and entities the availability of grammar based validation dtds the separation of data and metadata elements and attributes mixed content the separation of processing from representation processing instructions and the default angle bracket syntax the sgml declaration was removed thus xml has a fixed delimiter set and adopts unicode as the document character set other sources of technology for xml were the tei text encoding initiative which defined a profile of sgml for use as a transfer syntax and html in which elements were synchronous with their resource document character sets were separate from resource encoding the xml lang attribute was invented and like http metadata accompanied the resource rather than being needed at the declaration ...