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the (245), file (229), files (87), and (71), computer (57), for (44), can (42), that (41), are (40), system (38), from (35), #systems (31), with (26), user (26), data (25), this (24), may (22), not (22), which (21), 2019 (20), name (20), edit (19), names (19), some (19), original (18), have (18), but (18), information (17), folder (17), example (17), used (17), only (17), any (17), retrieved (16), archived (16), storage (16), most (16), contain (16), other (15), also (15), all (14), directory (14), one (14), program (14), its (14), operating (14), they (13), folders (13), windows (12), disk (12), has (12), such (12), within (12), use (11), links (11), filename (11), there (11), when (11), programs (11), computers (11), using (10), what (10), article (10), read (10), size (10), corrupted (10), corruption (10), allow (10), method (10), many (10), space (10), you (9), was (9), link (9), contents (9), more (9), type (9), payroll (9), must (9), case (9), wikipedia (8), text (8), create (8), 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Text of the page (random words):
tems allow file names to contain spaces others do not case sensitivity of file names is determined by the file system unix file systems are usually case sensitive and allow user level applications to create files whose names differ only in the case of characters microsoft windows supports multiple file systems each with different policies which regarding case sensitivity the common fat file system can have multiple files whose names differ only in case if the user uses a disk editor to edit the file names in the directory entries user applications however will usually not allow the user to create multiple files with the same name but differing in case most computers organize files into hierarchies using folders directories or catalogs the concept is the same irrespective of the terminology used each folder can contain an arbitrary number of files and it can also contain other folders these other folders are referred to as subfolders subfolders can contain still more files and folders and so on thus building a tree like structure in which one master folder or root folder the name varies from one operating system to another can contain any number of levels of other folders and files folders can be named just as files can except for the root folder which often does not have a name the use of folders makes it easier to organize files in a logical way when a computer allows the use of folders each file and folder has not only a name of its own but also a path which identifies the folder or folders in which a file or folder resides in the path some sort of special character such as a slash is used to separate the file and folder names for example in the illustration shown in this article the path payroll salaries managers uniquely identifies a file called managers in a folder called salaries which in turn is contained in a folder called payroll the folder and file names are separated by slashes in this example the topmost or root folder has no name and so the path begins with a slash if the root folder had a name it would precede this first slash many computer systems use extensions in file names to help identify what they contain also known as the file type on windows computers extensions consist of a dot period at the end of a file name followed by a few letters to identify the type of file an extension of txt identifies a text file a doc extension identifies any type of document or documentation commonly in the microsoft word file format and so on even when extensions are used in a computer system the degree to which the computer system recognizes and heeds them can vary in some systems they are required while in other systems they are completely ignored if they are presented protection edit many modern computer systems provide methods for protecting files against accidental and deliberate damage computers that allow for multiple users implement file permissions to control who may or may not modify delete or create files and folders for example a given user may be granted only permission to read a file or folder but not to modify or delete it or a user may be given permission to read and modify files or folders but not to execute them permissions may also be used to allow only certain users to see the contents of a file or folder permissions protect against unauthorized tampering or destruction of information in files and keep private information confidential from unauthorized users another protection mechanism implemented in many computers is a read only flag when this flag is turned on for a file which can be accomplished by a computer program or by a human user the file can be examined but it cannot be modified this flag is useful for critical information that must not be modified or erased such as special files that are used only by internal parts of the computer system some systems also include a hidden flag to make certain files invisible this flag is used by the computer system to hide essential system files that users should not alter storage edit any file that has any useful purpose must have some physical manifestation that is a file an abstract concept in a real computer system must have a real physical analogue if it is to exist at all in physical terms most computer files are stored on some type of data storage device for example most operating systems store files on a hard disk hard disks have been the ubiquitous form of non volatile storage since the early 1960s 7 where files contain only temporary information they may be stored in ram computer files can be also stored on other media in some cases such as magnetic tapes compact discs digital versatile discs zip drives usb flash drives etc the use of solid state drives is also beginning to rival the hard disk drive in unix like operating systems many files have no associated physical storage device examples are dev null and most files under directories dev proc and sys these are virtual files they exist as objects within the operating system kernel as seen by a running user program files are usually represented either by a file control block or by a file handle a file control block fcb is an area of memory which is manipulated to establish a filename etc and then passed to the operating system as a parameter it was used by older ibm operating systems and early pc operating systems including cp m and early versions of ms dos a file handle is generally either an opaque data type or an integer it was introduced in around 1961 by the algol based burroughs mcp running on the burroughs b5000 but is now ubiquitous file corruption edit further information data corruption and data degradation original jpeg file corrupted jpeg file with a single bit flipped turned from 0 to 1 or vice versa while there is visible corruption on the second file one can still make out what the original image might have looked like when a file is said to be corrupted it is because its contents have been saved to the computer in such a way that they cannot be properly read either by a human or by software depending on the extent of the damage the original file can sometimes be recovered or at least partially understood 8 a file may be created corrupt or it may be corrupted at a later point through overwriting there are many ways by which a file can become corrupted most commonly the issue happens in the process of writing the file to a disk 9 for example if an image editing program unexpectedly crashes while saving an image that file may be corrupted because the program could not save its entirety the program itself might warn the user that there was an error allowing for another attempt at saving the file 10 some other examples of reasons for which files become corrupted include the computer itself shutting down unexpectedly for example due to a power loss with open files or files in the process of being saved 8 9 10 a download being interrupted before it was completed due to a bad sector on the hard drive 8 9 the user removing a flash drive such as a usb stick without properly unmounting commonly referred to as safely removing 11 12 13 14 malicious software such as a computer virus 8 9 15 16 a flash drive becoming too old 14 although file corruption usually happens accidentally it may also be done on purpose as a mean of procrastination as to fool someone else into thinking an assignment was ready at an earlier date potentially gaining time to finish said assignment there are services that provide on demand file corruption which essentially fill a given file with random data so that it cannot be opened or read yet still seems legitimate 17 18 one of the most effective countermeasures for unintentional file corruption is backing up important files 19 in the event of an important file becoming corrupted the user can simply replace it with the backed up version backup edit main article backup when computer files contain information that is extremely important a back up process is used to protect against disasters that might destroy the files backing up files simply means making copies of the files in a separate location so that they can be restored if something happens to the computer or if they are deleted accidentally there are many ways to back up files most computer systems provide utility programs to assist in the back up process which can become very time consuming if there are many files to safeguard files are often copied to removable media such as writable cds or cartridge tapes copying files to another hard disk in the same computer protects against failure of one disk but if it is necessary to protect against failure or destruction of the entire computer then copies of the files must be made on other media that can be taken away from the computer and stored in a safe distant location the grandfather father son backup method automatically makes three back ups the grandfather file is the oldest copy of the file and the son is the current copy file systems and file managers edit the way a computer organizes names stores and manipulates files is globally referred to as its file system most computers have at least one file system some computers allow the use of several different file systems for instance on newer ms windows computers the older fat type file systems of ms dos and old versions of windows are supported in addition to the ntfs file system that is the normal file system for recent versions of windows each system has its own advantages and disadvantages standard fat allows only eight character file names plus a three character extension with no spaces for example whereas ntfs allows much longer names that can contain spaces you can call a file payroll records in ntfs but in fat you would be restricted to something like payroll dat unless you were using vfat a fat extension allowing long file names file manager programs are utility programs that allow users to manipulate files directly they allow you to move create delete and rename files and folders although they do not actually allow you to read the contents of a file or store information in it every computer system provides at least one file manager program for its native file system for example file explorer formerly windows explorer is commonly used in microsoft windows operating systems and nautilus is common under several distributions of linux see also edit block data storage computer file management data hierarchy file camouflage file copying file conversion file deletion file directory file manager file system filename flat file database object composition soft copy references edit online etymology dictionary archived from the original on 2015 09 24 retrieved 2015 08 17 eckert w j thomas j watson astronomical computing bureau new york 1940 punched card methods in scientific computation new york the thomas j watson astronomical computing bureau columbia university archived from the original on 2020 06 12 retrieved 2018 04 17 comrie l j 1928 04 13 on the construction of tables by interpolation plate 6 monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 88 6 506 523 bibcode 1928mnras 88 506c doi 10 1093 mnras 88 6 506 issn 0035 8711 popular science bonnier corporation february 1950 p 96 archived from the original on 2022 01 09 retrieved 2014 03 07 robert s casey et al punched cards their applications to science and industry 1952 martin h weik ballistic research laboratories report 1115 march 1961 pp 314 331 archived 2016 10 21 at the wayback machine magnetic storage handbook 2nd ed section 2 1 1 disk file technology mee and daniel c 1990 a b c d gorski victoria what causes a corrupt file archived from the original on 2020 07 28 retrieved 2019 03 17 a b c d williams jane 2019 01 14 what does it mean when your file is corrupt houston chronicle archived from the original on 2019 07 15 retrieved 2019 03 17 a b glenn walter 2017 12 14 what is a corrupted file and is there a way to get it back how to geek archived from the original on 2018 12 06 retrieved 2019 03 17 what causes flash memory corruption securedatarecovery archived from the original on 2020 07 28 retrieved 2019 03 17 hoffman chris 2016 09 28 do you really need to safely remove usb flash drives how to geek archived from the original on 2019 03 30 retrieved 2019 03 17 open a document after a file corruption error microsoft office support archived from the original on 2019 08 28 retrieved 2019 03 17 a b what kills your flash drive and how you can avoid it datarecovery net archived from the original on 2018 09 06 retrieved 2019 03 17 neagoe robert 2018 08 14 fix windows 10 file corruption issues windowsreport com archived from the original on 2020 07 28 retrieved 2019 03 17 international council of electronic commerce consultants 2009 09 24 mac os x hacking ethical hacking and countermeasures linux macintosh and mobile systems cengage pp 2 6 2 7 isbn 978 1 4354 8364 4 archived from the original on 2020 07 29 retrieved 2019 03 17 corrupt a file corrupt file online deliver on time archived from the original on 2019 03 23 retrieved 2019 03 17 corrupt my file get your file corrupted for you archived from the original on 2019 03 15 retrieved 2019 03 17 what is a corrupted file intego 2019 03 07 archived from the original on 2020 07 28 retrieved 2019 03 17 external links edit media related to computer files at wikimedia commons data formats computer file at curlie v t e computer files types binary file text file file format list of file formats file signatures magic number metafile sidecar file sparse file swap file system file temporary file zero byte file properties filename 8 3 filename long filename filename mangling filename extension list of filename extensions file attribute extended file attributes file size hidden file hidden directory organisation directory folder ntfs links temporary folder directory structure file sequence file system filesystem hierarchy standard path operations open close read write linking file descriptor hard link shortcut alias shadow symbolic link management file comparison data compression file manager comparison of file managers file system permissions file transfer file sharing file verification retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title computer_file oldid 1126993130 categories computer files computer file systems inter process communication hidden categories webarchive template wayback links articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from june 2009 all articles needing additional references misleading articles all articles with specifically marked weasel worded phrases articles with specifically marked weasel worded phrases from february 2014 commons category link is on wikidata articles with curlie links navigation menu personal tools not logged in talk contributions create account log in namespaces article talk english views read edit view history more navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us d...