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peared and vied for popularity these included magellan excite infoseek inktomi northern light and altavista information seekers could also browse the directory instead of doing a keyword based search in 1996 robin li developed the rankdex site scoring algorithm for search engines results page ranking 20 21 22 and received a us patent for the technology 23 it was the first search engine that used hyperlinks to measure the quality of websites it was indexing 24 predating the very similar algorithm patent filed by google two years later in 1998 25 larry page referenced li s work in some of his u s patents for pagerank 26 li later used his rankdex technology for the baidu search engine which was founded by him in china and launched in 2000 in 1996 netscape was looking to give a single search engine an exclusive deal as the featured search engine on netscape s web browser there was so much interest that instead netscape struck deals with five of the major search engines for 5 million a year each search engine would be in rotation on the netscape search engine page the five engines were yahoo magellan lycos infoseek and excite 27 28 google adopted the idea of selling search terms in 1998 from a small search engine company named goto com this move had a significant effect on the search engine business which went from struggling to one of the most profitable businesses in the internet 29 search engines were also known as some of the brightest stars in the internet investing frenzy that occurred in the late 1990s 30 several companies entered the market spectacularly receiving record gains during their initial public offerings some have taken down their public search engine and are marketing enterprise only editions such as northern light many search engine companies were caught up in the dot com bubble a speculation driven market boom that peaked in march 2000 2000s present post dot com bubble edit around 2000 google s search engine rose to prominence 31 the company achieved better results for many searches with an algorithm called pagerank as was explained in the paper anatomy of a search engine written by sergey brin and larry page the later founders of google 4 this iterative algorithm ranks web pages based on the number and pagerank of other web sites and pages that link there on the premise that good or desirable pages are linked to more than others larry page s patent for pagerank cites robin li s earlier rankdex patent as an influence 26 22 google also maintained a minimalist interface to its search engine in contrast many of its competitors embedded a search engine in a web portal in fact the google search engine became so popular that spoof engines emerged such as mystery seeker by 2000 yahoo was providing search services based on inktomi s search engine yahoo acquired inktomi in 2002 and overture which owned alltheweb and altavista in 2003 yahoo switched to google s search engine until 2004 when it launched its own search engine based on the combined technologies of its acquisitions microsoft first launched msn search in the fall of 1998 using search results from inktomi in early 1999 the site began to display listings from looksmart blended with results from inktomi for a short time in 1999 msn search used results from altavista instead in 2004 microsoft began a transition to its own search technology powered by its own web crawler called msnbot microsoft s rebranded search engine bing was launched on june 1 2009 on july 29 2009 yahoo and microsoft finalized a deal in which yahoo search would be powered by microsoft bing technology as of 2019 active search engine crawlers include those of google petal sogou baidu bing gigablast mojeek duckduckgo and yandex approach edit main article search engine technology a search engine maintains the following processes in near real time web crawling indexing searching 32 web search engines get their information by web crawling from site to site the spider checks for the standard filename robots txt addressed to it the robots txt file contains directives for search spiders telling it which pages to crawl and which pages not to crawl after checking for robots txt and either finding it or not the spider sends certain information back to be indexed depending on many factors such as the titles page content javascript cascading style sheets css headings or its metadata in html meta tags after a certain number of pages crawled amount of data indexed or time spent on the website the spider stops crawling and moves on n o web crawler may actually crawl the entire reachable web due to infinite websites spider traps spam and other exigencies of the real web crawlers instead apply a crawl policy to determine when the crawling of a site should be deemed sufficient some websites are crawled exhaustively while others are crawled only partially 33 indexing means associating words and other definable tokens found on web pages to their domain names and html based fields the associations are made in a public database made available for web search queries a query from a user can be a single word multiple words or a sentence the index helps find information relating to the query as quickly as possible 32 some of the techniques for indexing and caching are trade secrets whereas web crawling is a straightforward process of visiting all sites on a systematic basis between visits by the spider the cached version of the page some or all the content needed to render it stored in the search engine working memory is quickly sent to an inquirer if a visit is overdue the search engine can just act as a web proxy instead in this case the page may differ from the search terms indexed 32 the cached page holds the appearance of the version whose words were previously indexed so a cached version of a page can be useful to the website when the actual page has been lost but this problem is also considered a mild form of linkrot high level architecture of a standard web crawler typically when a user enters a query into a search engine it is a few keywords 34 the index already has the names of the sites containing the keywords and these are instantly obtained from the index the real processing load is in generating the web pages that are the search results list every page in the entire list must be weighted according to information in the indexes 32 then the top search result item requires the lookup reconstruction and markup of the snippets showing the context of the keywords matched these are only part of the processing each search results web page requires and further pages next to the top require more of this post processing beyond simple keyword lookups search engines offer their own gui or command driven operators and search parameters to refine the search results these provide the necessary controls for the user engaged in the feedback loop users create by filtering and weighting while refining the search results given the initial pages of the first search results for example from 2007 the google com search engine has allowed one to filter by date by clicking show search tools in the leftmost column of the initial search results page and then selecting the desired date range 35 it s also possible to weight by date because each page has a modification time most search engines support the use of the boolean operators and or and not to help end users refine the search query boolean operators are for literal searches that allow the user to refine and extend the terms of the search the engine looks for the words or phrases exactly as entered some search engines provide an advanced feature called proximity search which allows users to define the distance between keywords 32 there is also concept based searching where the research involves using statistical analysis on pages containing the words or phrases you search for the usefulness of a search engine depends on the relevance of the result set it gives back while there may be millions of web pages that include a particular word or phrase some pages may be more relevant popular or authoritative than others most search engines employ methods to rank the results to provide the best results first how a search engine decides which pages are the best matches and what order the results should be shown in varies widely from one engine to another 32 the methods also change over time as internet usage changes and new techniques evolve there are two main types of search engine that have evolved one is a system of predefined and hierarchically ordered keywords that humans have programmed extensively the other is a system that generates an inverted index by analyzing texts it locates this first form relies much more heavily on the computer itself to do the bulk of the work most web search engines are commercial ventures supported by advertising revenue and thus some of them allow advertisers to have their listings ranked higher in search results for a fee search engines that do not accept money for their search results make money by running search related ads alongside the regular search engine results the search engines make money every time someone clicks on one of these ads 36 local search edit local search is the process that optimizes the efforts of local businesses they focus on change to make sure all searches are consistent it s important because many people determine where they plan to go and what to buy based on their searches 37 market share edit as of january 2022 update google is by far the world s most used search engine with a market share of 92 01 and the world s other most used search engines were bing yahoo baidu yandex and duckduckgo 38 russia and east asia edit in russia yandex has a market share of 61 9 compared to google s 28 3 39 in china baidu is the most popular search engine 40 south korea s homegrown search portal naver is used for 70 of online searches in the country 41 yahoo japan and yahoo taiwan are the most popular avenues for internet searches in japan and taiwan respectively 42 china is one of few countries where google is not in the top three web search engines for market share google was previously a top search engine in china but withdrew after a disagreement with the government over censorship and a cyberattack 43 europe edit most countries markets in the european union are dominated by google except for the czech republic where seznam is a strong competitor 44 the search engine qwant is based in paris france where it attracts most of its 50 million monthly registered users from search engine bias edit although search engines are programmed to rank websites based on some combination of their popularity and relevancy empirical studies indicate various political economic and social biases in the information they provide 45 46 and the underlying assumptions about the technology 47 these biases can be a direct result of economic and commercial processes e g companies that advertise with a search engine can become also more popular in its organic search results and political processes e g the removal of search results to comply with local laws 48 for example google will not surface certain neo nazi websites in france and germany where holocaust denial is illegal biases can also be a result of social processes as search engine algorithms are frequently designed to exclude non normative viewpoints in favor of more popular results 49 indexing algorithms of major search engines skew towards coverage of u s based sites rather than websites from non u s countries 46 google bombing is one example of an attempt to manipulate search results for political social or commercial reasons several scholars have studied the cultural changes triggered by search engines 50 and the representation of certain controversial topics in their results such as terrorism in ireland 51 climate change denial 52 and conspiracy theories 53 customized results and filter bubbles edit there has been concern raised that search engines such as google and bing provide customized results based on the user s activity history leading to what has been termed echo chambers or filter bubbles by eli pariser in 2011 54 the argument is that search engines and social media platforms use algorithms to selectively guess what information a user would like to see based on information about the user such as location past click behaviour and search history as a result websites tend to show only information that agrees with the user s past viewpoint according to eli pariser users get less exposure to conflicting viewpoints and are isolated intellectually in their own informational bubble since this problem has been identified competing search engines have emerged that seek to avoid this problem by not tracking or bubbling users such as duckduckgo however many scholars have questioned pariser s view finding that there is little evidence for the filter bubble 55 56 57 on the contrary a number of studies trying to verify the existence of filter bubbles have found only minor levels of personalisation in search 57 that most people encounter a range of views when browsing online and that google news tends to promote mainstream established news outlets 58 56 religious search engines edit the global growth of the internet and electronic media in the arab and muslim world during the last decade has encouraged islamic adherents in the middle east and asian sub continent to attempt their own search engines their own filtered search portals that would enable users to perform safe searches more than usual safe search filters these islamic web portals categorizing websites into being either halal or haram based on interpretation of the law of islam imhalal came online in september 2011 halalgoogling came online in july 2013 these use haram filters on the collections from google and bing and others 59 while lack of investment and slow pace in technologies in the muslim world has hindered progress and thwarted success of an islamic search engine targeting as the main consumers islamic adherents projects like muxlim a muslim lifestyle site did receive millions of dollars from investors like rite internet ventures and it also faltered other religion oriented search engines are jewogle the jewish version of google 60 and seekfind org which is christian seekfind filters sites that attack or degrade their faith 61 search engine submission edit web search engine submission is a process in which a webmaster submits a website directly to a search engine while search engine submission is sometimes presented as a way to promote a website it generally is not necessary because the major search engines use web crawlers that will eventually find most web sites on the internet without assistance they can either submit one web page at a time or they can submit the entire site using a sitemap but it is normally only necessary to submit the home page of a web site as search engines are able to crawl a well designed website the...