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ty for greed as i mentioned in our conversation on friday the demon in the box pulling the strings is power greed and power seem to be twins so can t delineate where one begins and the other ends they are joined at the hips or perhaps the brain when i ask myself why i wrote american rapture why i read religious horror or watch it on the screen when i really stop and think what do i wish more than anything i had known when i was a young girl trying to step into herself it s this repression religious or otherwise is the horror ignorance is what we should fear what makes us all ill equipped for moving through life as humans in natural human bodies and maybe little girls aren t born into more sin than little boys maybe sin is just an idea we ve created for control a powerful little beast that preys on all of us every day in and outside of fiction and maybe it s one we just don t need to feed anymore c j leede these people whom i had these conversations with were unconnected nor did i initiate the aforementioned topic this suggests people may actually be thinking about such subjects i interpret that as a good sign aka maybe hope posted by macrobe at 7 49 am no comments email this blogthis share to x share to facebook share to pinterest labels essay quotes rants friday september 06 2024 the never ending questions the running theme in this blog perhaps in my entire life has been on reality or what we think may be reality what is reality is that a valid question as author literary agent and thinker john brockman once proclaimed he has had a lifelong obsession with asking questions especially the question what is the last question brockman s first book on pondering questions was by the late john brockman published in 1969 in his own words it was about the idea of interrogating reality most would respond by declaring this is useless philosophy thereby concluding it all meaningless yet each and every one of us plays apart in it and without it as suggested in the movie the matrix most of us just aren t aware of it reality as a whole is unmeasurable except through effect the unity is in the methodology in the writing reading in the navigation this system cannot provide us with ultimate answers nor does it present the ultimate questions there are none this also precipitated his vision of the third culture consisting of those scientists and other thinkers in the empirical world who through their work and expository writing are taking the place of the traditional intellectual in rendering visible the deeper meanings of our lives redefining who and what we are in 1988 brockman and others created the edge foundation an association of science and technology intellectuals it was also an outgrowth of the reality club a gathering historically called a salon of intellectuals based in nyc and held by a host from 1981 through 1996 many well known scientists authors artists technologists and entrepreneurs met for presentations round table discussions seminars etc it retired to a virtual presence on the edge website in 1996 a link on the sidebar has been posted when i created this blog in 2005 despite frequently following the website after i first discovered the edge 1998 life became complicated and i lost track of it an academic career sometimes consume the only existence in one s life especially in lac life after children i was busy interrogating small subsets of reality it was with sadness on my part that brockman ran out of questions and announced in 2018 the finale to the edge project with the question what is the last question ask the last question your last question the question for which you will be remembered possibly the best tribute to the edge was in a moratorium by lecturer and writer kenan malik in the guardian the excerpt below gave me some private satisfaction in that i have always relayed similarly to students children colleagues lab members friends relatives and many times here on this blog ask questions despite the frustrations of many asking questions is relatively easy asking good questions is surprisingly difficult a bad question searches for an answer that confirms what we already know a good question helps to reset our intellectual horizons it has an answer that we can reach yet unsettles what we already know one response on the webpage which may not really qualify as an answer for some is one of my favorites as we often say in the scientific fields answers to a question may only be more questions the final elegance assuming asking the question no answers no explanations why do you demand explanations if they are given you will once more be facing a terminus they cannot get you any further than you are at present the solution not an explanation a description and knowing how to consider it many people are unsettled by that but it is the reality perhaps it is a very simple single question with no explanation just like reality ________________________________________________________ john brockman by the late john brockman 1969 macmillon the kindle format can be accessed on amazon com hard copies are 70 ludwig wittgenstein zettel eds g e m anscombe and g h von wright trans g e posted by macrobe at 9 25 am no comments email this blogthis share to x share to facebook share to pinterest labels books essay philosophy quotes science science community wednesday september 04 2024 genetics is like a musical score amadeus mozart and ludwig van beethoven may be the most genetically studied musicians of all time why is that because their music is famous and loved because their personal history is full of celebrity and drama or are they just favorites of geneticists the narrative in most of the published studies is to understand the interaction between musical sounds and humans i m still not sure if this can be completely solved because music is more than just sound it is a musical language with or without words that interacts with with the human mind and body however because we are a curious species we seek to learn about those connections and as i suspect the two famous composers have had a growing foundation of research on which to build upon a recent study explores if genetic factors can determine extraordinary musical achievements if that is so then how do genes contribute or determine a person s musicality this isn t a new query geneticists have examined similar questions by studying the two famous composers for decades however recent advancements in molecular genetics allow scientists to probe deeper into human dna sometimes restudying old questions or asking new ones especially of long dead people then again when studying humans sometimes these newer studies only confirm older results an analysis of the famous composer s genetic make up has revealed that dna data has so far been too imprecise in capturing a person s abilities in this recent study an international team of researchers analyzed beethoven s dna to investigate if and how any differences in his genes may account for his celebrated musical exceptionalism the deeper question is how much can genes impact human traits especially behavior when considering a bird or a lizard probably quite a bit but humans are messy there is no single quantitative or qualitative line that divides genetically determined and learned human behavior this is the age old nature versus nurture dilemma the lines are fuzzy ludwig van beethoven was born in bonn a major city in germany which was at that time the capital of the electorate of cologne and partly dominated by roman archbishops he moved to vienna 1792 austria to flee a dysfunctional family and meet other musicians during this time in history napoleon restructured france 1789 and regions north including bonn 1794 and vienna 1805 after the famous french revolution beethoven supported napoleon s reformations and composed his famous third symphony naming it napoleon after napoleon proclaimed himself emperor 1804 beethoven rescinded the napoleon dedication and renamed it eroica he even refused to play this symphony in front of french soldiers beethoven lived during a tumultuous era of wars and conflicts with rulers it was the rise of the german enlightenment period transition from the classical to romantic era in art and music almost constant family turmoil and loss of hearing he was a man full of emotion conviction and righteousness as his music conveys he was a man with passion are there genes for that the researchers analyzed dna sequences available from an earlier study 2023 in which the composer s dna was extracted from strands of beethoven s hair the authors then developed a polygenic score a number that summarizes the estimated effect of many genetic variants on an individual s trait or behavior our aim was to use this polygenic score as an example of the challenges of making genetic predictions for an individual that lived over 200 years ago they chose a specific component of music that had a score for beat synchronization ability which is closely related to musicality beat perception and synchronization in humans is the degree to which an individual can synchronize their movements in time with a musical beat in humans it is commonly within 120 to 140 beats minute and is frequently used in music composition ironically beat synchronization was thought to be uncommon in non human species and the mechanism determining the optimal tempo are unclear although this was thought to be a human rhythm trait a study in rats 2022 revealed that rats also showed head movements and neural recordings within the same range as humans this suggests that the optimal tempo for beat synchronization is determined by the time constant of neural dynamics conserved across species and beethoven the study found that beethoven had an unremarkable polygenic score for general musicality compared to population samples from the karolinska institute sweden and vanderbilt university usa however considering the limitations of the current polygenic scores and the fact that a genetic indicator for beat synchronization ability may not directly tap into beethoven s composer skills musical creativity this finding is not unexpected the genetic architecture of this trait is highly polygenic meaning that it is influenced by many genes in the human genome authors identified 69 separate locations on the genome in which different genetic alleles every person has two copies of a gene they are called alleles in the population account for some of the variability in how accurately people synchronize to a musical beat genes associated with beat synchronization are more likely to be genes involved in central nervous system function including genes expressed in brain tissue and genes involved in early brain development recent studies also found that beat synchronization shares some of its genetic architecture with other traits including several that are involved in biological rhythms walking breathing and circadian rhythm the polygenic score computes the sum of genetic effects associated with beat synchronization in each individual but they are only a rough guess it can tell us only what an individual s likelihood of specific levels of beat synchronization would be in relation to the population based model but they do not correspond directly to an exact match with the person s beat synchronization accuracy thus a person s beat synchronization may be a point amongst many in a wide area under the curve and beethoven s score may be lower than expected but did that negatively impact his compositions although beethoven had a rather low genetic predisposition for beat synchronization highlights the limitations of polygenic score predictions at the individual level while polygenic score prediction is expected to get more accurate in the future it is important to remember that complex human traits including musical skills are not determined solely by genes or the environment but rather shaped by their complex interplay in conclusion the authors stated that the current study only shows that we ve been able to use genetics to explain a portion of the variability in beat synchronization skills again at the level of pooled data in a large study sample when scientists talk about heritability they are referring to the amount of phenotypic variance explained by genetic variation this does not mean that rhythm is only genetic versus only environmental or that rhythm is genetic in certain people but not others scientifically we really can t say for sure how and why an individual reaches or does not reach a certain level of musicality so it s not either or but both and genes and environment and the incredibly complex biological interrelationships that occur during human development of musicality will take many many more years of work to unravel studies of beat synchronization in humans and other species such as in rats found interesting genetic correlations between beat synchronization and a cluster of interrelated traits walking pace musculoskeletal strength breathing function and cognitive processing speed possibly even cadence in language additionally the shared genetic architecture has implications for physical and cognitive function in neurodiverse people and during aging was beethoven unmusical max planck gesellschaft research news published on website april 10 2024 and accessed 20 08 2024 posted by macrobe at 6 22 pm no comments email this blogthis share to x share to facebook share to pinterest labels biology genetics language music newer posts older posts home subscribe to posts atom about me macrobe i m retired a scientist and a nerd in that order view my complete profile we are scientists too blogging from a z 2014 labels science 36 a z 23 philosophy 18 essay 17 quotes 16 health 13 environment 13 biology 11 musings 10 genetics 8 physics 8 asperger s 7 science community 7 wordfortoday 7 evolution 6 rants 6 wildlife 5 autism 5 climate change 5 ecology 5 politics 5 diet 3 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