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world of labour home we use cookies to provide you with an optimal website experience this includes cookies that are necessary for the operation of the site as well as cookies that are only used for anonymous statistical purposes for comfort settings or to display personalized content you can decide for yourself which categories you want to allow please note that based on your settings you may not be able to use all of the site s functions configure consent accept all cookie settings necessary these necessary cookies are required to activate the core functionality of the website an opt out from these technologies is not available _grecaptcha this is a functional cookie which protects our site from spam enquiries on subscription and registration forms duration session _csrf frontend protection from csrf attacks contains a token that stores encoded information about user this cookie is destroyed after browser is closed close_subscribe contains information that user will not see a news 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micro credits and start up subsidies child care support early childhood education and schooling behavioural and personnel economics pay and incentives organization and hierarchies human resource management practices migration and ethnicity labour mobility performance of migrants implications of migration migration policy labour markets and institutions wage setting insurance policies redistribution policies labour market regulation entrepreneurship transition and emerging economies labour supply and demand gender issues demographic change and migration institutions policies and labour market outcomes development active labour market programs microfinance and financial regulations technological change social insurance skills and training programmes environment education and human capital economic returns to education social returns to education schooling and higher education vocational education training skills and lifelong learning demography family and gender demography family gender health data and methods data methods country labour markets view all articles key topics 10 years of world of labour country labour markets youth unemployment how should governments manage recessions workplace discrimination the ageing workforce and pension reform digital transformation big data and the future of work view all opinions authors teaching material advanced search login email password login forgot your password remember me register first name last name email re type your email address password re type your password areas of interest clear all select all selecting your areas of interest helps us to better understand our audience programme evaluation behavioural and personnel economics migration and ethnicity labour markets and institutions transition and emerging economies development environment education and human capital demography family and gender data and methods country labour markets i would like to register for the world of labour newsletter i would like to register for the world of labour article alerts i agree to the terms and conditions and data usage policy create account advanced search advanced search articles programme evaluation occupational and classroom training wage subsidies and in work benefits counseling sanctioning and monitoring micro credits and start up subsidies child care support early childhood education and schooling behavioural and personnel economics pay and incentives organization and hierarchies human resource management practices migration and ethnicity labour mobility performance of migrants implications of migration migration policy labour markets and institutions wage setting insurance policies redistribution policies labour market regulation entrepreneurship transition and emerging economies labour supply and demand gender issues demographic change and migration institutions policies and labour market outcomes development active labour market programs microfinance and financial regulations technological change social insurance skills and training programmes environment education and human capital economic returns to education social returns to education schooling and higher education vocational education training skills and lifelong learning demography family and gender demography family gender health data and methods data methods country labour markets view all articles key topics 10 years of world of labour country labour markets youth unemployment how should governments manage recessions workplace discrimination the ageing workforce and pension reform digital transformation big data and the future of work view all opinions authors teaching material iza liser network liser policy lab login register turning research into real world insight reliable accessible knowledge on global labour markets to inform smarter evidence based policies evidence based policy making world of labour is an online platform that provides policy analysts journalists academics and society generally with relevant and concise information on labour market issues based on the latest research it provides current thinking on labour markets worldwide in a clear and accessible style world of labour aims to support evidence based policy making and increase awareness of labour market issues including current concerns like the impact of technological progress and longer term problems like inequality featured article education and human capital university study abroad and graduates employability updated there is a positive association between study abroad and graduates job prospects though it is unclear if the link is causal giorgio di pietro in recent decades the number of university students worldwide who have received some part of their education abroad has been rising rapidly despite the popularity of international student exchange programs however debate continues over what students actually gain from this experience a major advantage claimed for study abroad programs is that they can enhance employability by providing graduates with the skills and experience employers look for these programs are also expected to increase the probability that graduates will work abroad and so may especially benefit students willing to pursue an international career however most of the evidence is qualitative and based on small samples latest articles see all articles transition and emerging economies country labour markets the labour market in czechia 2000 2025 czechia s tight labour market features low unemployment and high employment but rigidity and gender gaps persist alena bičáková jakub grossmann september 2026 czechia s labour market has undergone a remarkable transformation over the past two decades unemployment has fallen sharply while employment has steadily increased and continues to be among the highest levels across oecd countries at the same time rising real wages have not fully closed the gap with the oecd average and the minimum wage remains relatively low compared to other countries gender gaps in employment and unemployment have narrowed yet a substantial gender pay gap remains highlighting persistent inequalities in the labour market read more read less country labour markets the labour market in israel 2004 2024 updated israel s resilient labour market faces persistent employment and earnings gaps among arabs and ultra orthodox jews tali larom osnat lifshitz september 2026 israel entered the 2020s with a strong labour market following more than a decade of rising employment falling unemployment and sustained wage gains a resilience striking given repeated security shocks despite the covid 19 pandemic and the 2023 24 war aggregate indicators returned relatively quickly towards pre shock paths yet large and persistent gaps in employment and earnings remain particularly among arab israelis and ultra orthodox jews with the ultra orthodox share of the working age population growing rapidly the stakes of closing these gaps are rising read more read less migration and ethnicity labour markets and institutions country labour markets the labour market in australia 2000 2024 updated sustained economic growth led to reduced unemployment and real earnings growth but prosperity has not been equally shared kadir atalay garry barrett august 2026 since 1991 the australian economy has experienced sustained growth aided by the commodities boom and strong public finances the australian economy negotiated the global financial crisis without falling into recession however the dislocation associated with the covid 19 pandemic saw the economy enter recession in 2020 before sharply rebounding since 2022 unemployment and real weekly earnings have returned to pre covid 19 levels but more recently real wages have slipped due to high inflation further recent headwinds include a rise in long term unemployment deteriorating youth labour market and a stagnant gender earnings gap read more read less country labour markets the greek labour market 2000 2024 greece has faced major crisis driven job losses persistent long term unemployment wage compression and a post crisis shift toward minimum wage led wage setting effrosyni adamopoulou nicholas giannakopoulos july 2026 greece s labour market tells a mixed story after one of the deepest crises in europe unemployment has fallen and employment has recovered yet many problems remain long term unemployment is still high real wages have not fully regained their purchasing power and most jobs are in small firms with limited growth prospects at the same time major reforms changed how wages are set reducing collective bargaining and making the minimum wage the main pay floor for many workers this raises an important question has the greek labour market truly recovered or has it settled into a new and more fragile balance understanding this is key for designing policies that support stable jobs fair pay and inclusive growth in the future read more read less show more latest news see all news sep 30 2026 czechia s strong performance alongside persistent structural gaps low unemployment and high employment mask deeper challenges in wages mobility and gender equality sep 09 2026 resilient but not yet fully inclusive israel s labour market has weathered major shocks but closing persistent gaps will be key to sustaining future growth aug 12 2026 australia s strong economy despite persistent social challenges strong growth and recovery face new challenges from inflation inequality and employment trends jul 22 2026 has greece s labour market truly recovered falling unemployment is only part of the story wages job quality and productivity remain key challenges opinions see all opinions robert dur job harms arjan non does working more really pay many workers get the answer wrong lennart ziegler too old to hire what job ads reveal about age discrimination bart cockx johan egebark greet van hoye emilie videnord johan vikström motivating job seekers takes more than an email show more articles by subject programme evaluation occupational and classroom training wage subsidies and in work benefits counseling sanctioning and monitoring micro credits and start up subsidies child care support early childhood education and schooling behavioural and personnel economics pay and incentives organization and hierarchies human resource management practices migration and ethnicity labour mobility performance of migrants implications of migration migration policy labour markets and institutions wage setting insurance policies redistribution policies labour market regulation entrepreneurship transition and emerging economies labour supply and demand gender issues demographic change and migration institutions policies and labour market outcomes development active labour market programs microfinance and financial regulations technological change social insurance skills and training programmes environment education and human capital economic returns to education social returns to education schooling and higher education vocational education training skills and lifelong learning demography family and gender demography family gender health data and methods data methods country labour markets trending topics 10 years of world of labour country labour markets youth unemployment how should governments manage recessions workplace discrimination the ageing workforce and pension reform digital transformation big data and the future of work get the latest news and articles delivered to your inbox subscribe to the world of labour newsletter subscribe to newsletter reliable accessible knowledge on global labour markets to inform smarter evidence based policies about world of labour luxembourg institute of socio economic research liser 11 porte des sciences maison des sciences humaines l 4366 esch sur alzette belval contact us for professionals editorial board about partners about our partners and publisher for contributors frequently asked questions guidelines for 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