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description=In the summer of 1863, Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee launched his second invasion of the Northern states. Forces collided at the crossroads town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania from July 1-3, 1863. It resulted in an estimated 51,000 casualties on both sides, the bloodiest single battle of the entire war.;

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n help ensure a new visitor center for vicksburg protect mid atlantic battlefields from massive data centers all opportunities donate donate donate give to the trust memorial special occasion gifts legacy giving more ways to give donor advised funds support education membership membership membership join renew color bearers gift membership membership benefits hallowed ground magazine our work main menu our work recognition recognition recognition the steadfast donor wall the 25 year club donor wall seminary ridge donor wall recent victories hall of fame preservation champions what we do what we do what we do mission programs how we work faqs preservation awards recognition news events community benefits economic benefits environmental benefits who we are who we are who we are introduction history board of trustees staff accountability contact follow us work with us work with us work with us become a sponsor careers requests for proposals rfps youth engagement saved land browse interactive map view active campaigns search search donate join see all results breadcrumb home learn civil war gettysburg my library the battle of gettysburg library of congress gettysburg gettysburg animated map close video also offered in español adams county pa jul 1 3 1863 the battle of gettysburg marked the turning point of the civil war with more than 50 000 estimated casualties the three day engagement was the bloodiest single battle of the conflict how it ended union victory gettysburg ended confederate general robert e lee s ambitious second quest to invade the north and bring the civil war to a swift end the loss there dashed the hopes of the confederate states of america to become an independent nation in context after a year of defensive victories in virginia lee s objective was to win a battle north of the mason dixon line in the hopes of forcing a negotiated end to the fighting his loss at gettysburg prevented him from realizing that goal instead the defeated general fled south with a wagon train of wounded soldiers straining toward the potomac union general meade failed to pursue the retreating army missing a critical opportunity to trap lee and force a confederate surrender the bitterly divisive war raged on for another two years before the battle on june 3 soon after his celebrated victory over maj gen joseph hooker at the battle of chancellorsville gen robert e lee leads his troops north in his second invasion of enemy territory the 75 000 man army of northern virginia is in high spirits in addition to seeking fresh supplies the depleted soldiers look forward to availing themselves of food from the bountiful fields in pennsylvania farm country sustenance the war ravaged landscape of virginia can no longer provide hooker also heads north but he is reluctant to engage with lee directly after the union s humiliating defeat at chancellorsville this evasiveness is of increasing concern to president abraham lincoln hooker is ultimately relieved of command in late june his successor maj gen george gordon meade continues to move the 90 000 man army of the potomac northward following orders to keep his army between lee and washington d c meade prepares to defend the routes to the nation s capital if necessary but he also pursues lee on june 15 three corps of lee s army cross the potomac and by june 28 they reach the susquehanna river in pennsylvania while lee loses precious time awaiting intelligence on union troop positions from his errant cavalry commander gen jeb stuart a spy informs him that meade is actually very close taking advantage of major local roads which conveniently converge at the county seat lee orders his army to gettysburg during the battle union george g meade confederate robert e lee forces engaged 165 620 union 93 921 confed 71 699 july 1 early that morning a confederate division under maj gen henry heth marches toward gettysburg to seize supplies in an unplanned engagement they confront union cavalry brig gen john buford slows the confederate advance until the infantry of the union i and xi corps under maj gen john f reynolds arrives reynolds is killed in action soon confederate reinforcements under generals a p hill and richard ewell reach the scene by late afternoon the wool clad troops are battling ferociously in the sweltering heat thirty thousand confederates overwhelm 20 000 federals who fall back through gettysburg and fortify cemetery hill south of town july 2 on the second day of battle the union defends a fishhook shaped range of hills and ridges south of gettysburg the confederates wrap around the union position in a longer line that afternoon lee launches a heavy assault commanded by lieut gen james longstreet on the union left flank fierce fighting rages at devil s den little round top the wheatfield the peach orchard and cemetery ridge as longstreet s men close in on the union position using their shorter interior lines union ii corps commander maj gen winfield s hancock and others move reinforcements quickly to blunt confederate advances on the federal right confederate demonstrations escalate into full scale assaults on east cemetery hill and culp s hill although the confederates gain ground on both ends of their line the union defenders hold strong positions as darkness falls july 3 believing his enemy to be weakened lee seeks to capitalize on the previous day s gains with renewed attacks on the union line heavy fighting resumes on culp s hill as union troops attempt to recapture ground lost the previous day cavalry battles flare to the east and south but the main event is a dramatic infantry assault by 12 500 confederates commanded by longstreet against the center of the union position on cemetery ridge though undermanned the virginia infantry division of brig gen george e pickett constitutes about half of the attacking force during pickett s charge as it is famously known only one confederate brigade temporarily reaches the top of the ridge afterwards referred to as the high watermark of the confederacy this daring strategy ultimately proves a disastrous sacrifice for the confederates with casualties approaching 60 percent repulsed by close range union rifle and artillery fire the confederates retreat when ordered to reform his men after the attack by lee pickett purportedly replied i have no division lee withdraws his army from gettysburg late on the rainy afternoon of july 4 and trudges back to virginia with severely reduced ranks of wasted and battle scarred men aftermath union 23 049 3 155 killed 14 529 wounded 5 365 missing captured estimated casualties 51 112 union 23 049 confed 28 063 confederate 28 063 3 903 killed 18 735 wounded 5 425 missing captured as many as 51 000 soldiers from both armies are killed wounded captured or missing in the three day battle the carnage is overwhelming but the union victory buoys lincoln s hopes of ending the war with lee running south lincoln expects that meade will intercept the confederate troops and force their surrender meade has no such plan even as lee s escape is hampered by flooding on the potomac meade does not pursue them when lincoln learns of this missed opportunity on july 12 he laments we had only to stretch forth our hands they were ours months later in november 1863 a portion of the gettysburg battlefield becomes a final resting place for the union dead president lincoln uses the dedication ceremony at the gettysburg s soldiers national cemetery to honor the fallen and reassert the purpose of the war in his historic gettysburg address the world will little note nor long remember what we say here but it can never forget what they did here it is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced questions to consider 1 what role did enslaved workers play in the battle of gettysburg between 6 000 and 10 000 enslaved people supported lee s army as cooks hospital attendants blacksmiths and personal servants to officers lee surely knew that some would desert him up north in gettysburg in january of that year lincoln had signed the emancipation proclamation which gave enslaved people in the confederate states their freedom despite this many slaves remained loyal to their masters on the battlefield at gettysburg and later accompanied them home or carried the effects of those who had died back to their families in the south others took advantage of the union victory to break their bonds and join the opposition some black camp workers were taken prisoner along with the confederate soldiers at gettysburg and once released many stayed in the north 2 how did the battle of gettysburg and its aftermath affect residents of the pennsylvania town as confederates advanced on gettysburg there was terror among the approximately 2 400 residents there as well as in the neighboring towns white residents feared for their lives and property african americans feared enslavement many white civilians huddled in basements but for people of color the stakes were greater and they fled in gettysburg abraham brian a free black man who owned a small farm near cemetery ridge left with his family as did basil biggs a veterinarian and owen robinson an oyster seller nearby in chambersburg some contrabands former slaves who sought refuge with the union forces were kidnapped by confederate cavalry units the emancipation proclamation stated that those seeking freedom from states of rebellion could not be re enslaved accordingly the union refused to hand over contrabands to the confederates and this too prompted retaliation confederate soldiers threatened to burn the homes of white residents who were sheltering contrabands often confederate troops assumed that free blacks were contrabands solely because of their skin color after the battle residents of what had only days before been a peaceful agricultural and college town were in despair there was literally blood running through the streets as the dead were piled up in horrific numbers slain animals were left to rot the fields were scorched and barren farmers had to rely on the army or government to supply food wounded soldiers languished waiting for medical attention camp letterman an army field hospital was established east of gettysburg and triaged patients until they could be transported to permanent facilities in philadelphia baltimore and washington nurses for the united states sanitary commission a union relief organization staffed largely by women provided essential care and comfort residents of gettysburg managed to bury the dead in a temporary cemetery however prominent members of the community lobbied for a permanent burial ground on the battlefield that would honor the defenders of the union the soldiers national cemetery was dedicated in november 1863 but was not completed until long after the last of gettysburg s wounded shipped out in january 1864 along with the medical personnel the field tents and temporary shelters came down the battlefield remains a testament and memorial to the events of july 1 3 1863 gettysburg featured resources civil war quiz how well do you know the battle of gettysburg civil war article 7 gettysburg myths and misconceptions civil war video the battle of gettysburg civil war biography winfield scott hancock civil war article 10 facts gettysburg civil war biography james longstreet civil war article no man can take those colors and live civil war article mount up civil war article the first day at gettysburg then now civil war video culp s hill civil war article devil s den little round top then now civil war article a view restored power s hill on the gettysburg battlefield civil war battle map gettysburg campaign june 3 to july 1 1863 gettysburg search all resources all battles of the gettysburg campaign full civil war map civil war battle brandy station culpeper county va jun 9 1863 result inconclusive est casualties 1 299 union 866 confederate 433 civil war battle second winchester frederick county va jun 13 15 1863 result confederate victory est casualties 4 709 union 4 443 confederate 266 civil war battle aldie loudoun county va jun 17 1863 result inconclusive est casualties 415 union 305 confederate 110 civil war battle middleburg loudoun county va jun 17 19 1863 result inconclusive est casualties 390 union 350 confederate 40 civil war battle upperville loudoun county va jun 21 1863 result inconclusive est casualties 389 union 209 confederate 180 civil war battle gettysburg adams county pa jul 1 3 1863 result union victory est casualties 51 112 union 23 049 confederate 28 063 civil war battle la batalla de gettysburg adams county pa jul 1 3 1863 result union victory est casualties 51 112 union 23 049 confederate 28 063 civil war battle falling waters washington county md jul 13 16 1863 result inconclusive est casualties 1 760 add to my battlefields educators library related battles battle facts adams county pa july 1 1863 result union victory commanders union george g meade confederate robert e lee forces engaged 165 620 union 93 921 confed 71 699 estimated casualties 51 112 union 23 049 confed 28 063 the battlefields today visit gettysburg the gettysburg national military park is home to some of the most historic and scenic civil war sites details and itineraries civil war 360 virtual tour gettysburg virtual tour civil war augmented reality abraham lincoln s gettysburg address civil war virtual tour lee s headquarters a guided tour civil war augmented reality gettysburg ar robert e lee and james longstreet civil war augmented reality gettysburg ar tending to the wounded civil war augmented reality pickett s charge general armistead s virginians civil war augmented reality gettysburg ar mary thompson tending to wounded soldiers civil war augmented reality gettysburg ar john burns and the iron brigade civil war augmented reality gettysburg ar mary thompson s dog civil war augmented reality gettysburg ar alfred waud sketching civil war augmented reality gettysburg ar the mile wide advance at pickett s charge civil war augmented reality gettysburg ar captain henry fuller the 64th new york civil war augmented reality gettysburg ar president lincoln meets john burns shop and preserve show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store every purchase supports the mission show now give with confidence the majority of our funds go directly to preservation and education our financials join t he action get e mail updates about u s history and battlefield preservation news not ready to join stay connected instead you ll receive the latest news history and special updates from the trust plus you ll be entered for a chance to receive one of 100 copies of our battle maps book battlefields educators login login create account to save educator resources to your library your access link has expired please request a new link by entering your email address below email first name last 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