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platonism by movement school the basics of philosophy philosophy basics philosophy general a quick history what is philosophy western philosophy eastern philosophy african philosophy philosophy map philosophy timeline famous quotes glossary philosophy books faq contact search the site by branch doctrine metaphysics epistemology ethics aesthetics logic political philosophy philosophy of by historical period ancient medieval modern by movement school ancient medieval modern by individual philosopher abelard peter albertus magnus anaxagoras anaximander anaximenes anselm st aquinas st thomas aristotle augustine st averroes ibn rushd avicenna ibn sina ayer alfred bacon roger bacon sir francis bentham jeremy berkeley bishop boethius burke edmund cicero marcus tullius comte auguste democritus derrida jacques descartes rené dewey john diogenes of sinope emerson ralph waldo empedocles epictetus epicurus erasmus desiderius fichte johann gottlieb foucault michel frege gottlob gorgias hegel g w f heidegger martin heraclitus hobbes thomas hume david husserl edmund james william kant immanuel kierkegaard søren leibniz gottfried wilhelm locke john machiavelli niccolò maimonides malebranche nicolas marcus aurelius marx karl mill john stuart moore g e more sir thomas nietzsche friedrich ockham william of parmenides of elea pascal blaise peirce c s philo plato plotinus protagoras pyrrho pythagoras quine w v o rousseau jean jacques russell bertrand ryle gilbert sartre jean paul schelling friedrich schopenhauer arthur scotus john duns smith adam socrates spinoza baruch benedict thales of miletos thoreau henry david voltaire françois marie arouet whitehead alfred north wittgenstein ludwig zeno of citium zeno of elea a huge subject broken down into manageable chunks by movement school ancient platonism platonism platonism is an ancient greek school of philosophy from the socratic period founded around 387 b c by socrates student and disciple plato and continued by his students and followers it was based in the academy a precinct containing a sacred grove outside the walls of athens where plato delivered his lectures the prototype for later universities platonism was originally expressed in the dialogues of plato in which the figure of his teacher socrates is used to expound various doctrines plato s philosophy is best known for its platonic realism also confusingly known as platonic idealism its hylomorphism the idea that substances are forms inhering in matter and its theory of forms forms are the eternal unchangeable perfect universals of which the particular objects we sense around us are imperfect copies it poses an eternal universe and describes idea as prior to matter so that the substantive reality around us is only a reflection of a higher truth see the section on platonic realism for more details platonic epistemology holds that knowledge is innate and the immortal soul remembers its prior familiarity with the forms anamnesis learning is therefore the development of ideas buried deep in the soul of these the form of the good the ideal or perfect nature of goodness is the ultimate basis for the rest and the first cause of being and knowledge plato held that the impressions of the senses can never give us the knowledge of true being i e of the forms which can only be obtained by the exercise of reason through the process of dialectic the exchange of arguments and counter arguments propositions and counter propositions platonic ethics is based on the concept that virtue is a sort of knowledge the knowledge of good and evil that is required to reach the ultimate good eudaimonia or happiness which is what all human desires and actions aim to achieve see the section on eudaimonism it holds that there are three parts to the soul reason spirit and appetite which must be ruled by the three virtues wisdom courage and moderation these are in turn all ruled by a fourth justice by which each part of the soul is confined to the performance of its proper function the academy in which the school was based is usually split into three periods the old middle and new academy the chief figures in the old academy were plato s most famous student aristotle who rapidly developed his own set of philosophies and a whole separate aristotelian tradition speusippus 407 339 b c plato s nephew who succeeded as head of the school after plato s death in 347 b c xenocrates 396 314 b c who was head from 339 b c to 314 b c polemo from 314 b c to 269 b c and crates from 269 b c to 266 b c after this time the middle academy and new academy were more vehicles for skepticism than platonism proper before being re founded after a lapse during the early roman occupation as a neo platonist institution in 410 a d around 90 b c a period known as middle platonism began when antiochus of ascalon c 130 68 b c rejected skepticism and propounded a fusion of platonism with some aristotelian and stoic dogmas philo of alexandria can also be considered a middle platonist as he attempted to synthesize platonism with monotheistic religion anticipating the neo platonism of later philosophers such as plotinus platonism influenced christianity first through clement of alexandria c 150 216 a d and origen c 185 254 a d and especially later through st augustine of hippo who was one of the most important figures in the development of western christianity platonism was considered authoritative in the middle ages and many platonic notions are now permanent elements of latin christianity as well as both eastern and western mysticism search philosophy basics search philosophy what is philosophy by branch doctrine by historical period by movement school by individual philosopher the articles on this site are 2008 2026 if you quote this material please provide a link to the source thank you for supporting philosophy citations faqs inquiries privacy policy