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basic linux shell commands programming logic programming logic algorithms computer science and programming puzzles basic linux shell commands improve your writing skills in 5 minutes a day with the daily writing tips email newsletter below you ll find a list of some basic yet useful linux commands for the command line interface i e the shell which is the interface provided by users to interact with services and programs provided by the operating system kernel 1 man pages when in doubt about a specific command or program check is manual pages simply write man command_name for instance man ls or man cp 2 mkdir used to create new directories for instance mkdir images 3 cd used to change directory notice that the current directory is specified by one dot and the parent directory by two dots so use cd to return to the parent directory 4 pwd this will print working directory that is it will print the full path to your current directory 5 rm used to remove delete a file or directory use the r option if you want to remove sub directories and their content recursively 6 ls lists the contents of the current directory it stands for list segments though this name comes from older times when segments were still used useful options a list all files including hidden ones starting with l long form which includes all the file details 7 ps lists the current processes usually used with the ef option the name stands for process status another useful way to run ps is this ps aux less a is for all users u is for displaying more information about each process and x is for displaying daemons as well the symbol pipes the output into another program in this case the less program 8 less less is a pages program it s used to view stuff inside the terminal one page at a time it basically makes it easier to navigate through large files or to find specific sections some basic less commands follow down and up arrows move up and down on the lines b and f move back and forward around pages pattern searches for a pattern on the text n moves to the next appearance of pattern if one exists g goes back to first line q quit the program 9 ssh user host com command to connect to another host via secure shell 10 scp command to upload and download files from remote servers called secure copy to get a file from a remote server scp user host com home user file zip desktop to send a file from your local machine scp file zip user host com home user 11 grep command line tool to search for text using regular expressions for example use this command to search for files containing the string test starting at the current directory and recursively going to deeper ones grep r test 12 kill despite the name this command is not only used to terminate processes it s used to send signals if you don t specify a signal it will send the sigterm terminate which terminates a process but might be blocked by such program i e you can t be sure it will terminate kill 3458 send sigterm to pid 3458 if you want to kill it for sure use the 9 or kill signal other useful signals are stop cont and int 13 find very useful command for finding files if you want to find files only in the current directory that contain a certain string on their names use this find name string maxdepth 1 you can also use the locate command but it has fewer features though it s faster 14 chmod this command changes the mode bits hence the name of files basically it alters the file permissions first of all if you want to change the owner or group of the file use chmod owner group second you may change the read write and execute permissions for three levels owner user group and others you specify the level with u g and o and the permissions with or and r w and x so let s say we want to give read and write permission to user owner give read permission to group give read permission to others we use these commands chmod u rd file1 chmod g r file1 chmod o r file1 we can also use binary values to alter all three levels at the same time basically read 4 write 2 execute 1 so we can do the previous settings like this chmod 644 file1 if you wanted to give rwx permissions to all levels you would do chmod 777 file1 15 cat head tail these commands are used to display the content of files in the standard output i e the terminal cat will show all the content head the first 10 lines and tail the last 10 lines 16 cat the cat concatenate command can be used for several other purposes for instance you can use it to read from standard input and output to a file cat file1 txt with this you can create and write to that file directly from the command line use ctrl d to send a end of file character and close it you can also copy the contents of one or more files to another cat file1 txt file2 txt cat file1 txt file2 txt file3 txt 17 sort sorts contents of a file numerically or alphabetically for instance ls sort 18 apropos if you can t remember the command you are looking for use apropos keywords and it will return a list of all comments that mention that keyword on the header of their man page for instance apropos copy 19 and is used to redirect its output to redirect the output at the end of an existing file is used to pipe the output of a command into the input of another command used to run one command after the other if placed after the command it will make it run in the background used to substitute the output of a command into the command line itself for example echo found ls wc w files in this directory 20 system information who i am displays information about your user who displays information about all logged in users you can see date displays the date and time uname a displays information about the system echo path displays the directories included in your path i e checked when commands are executed alias show current shell aliases type command shows where a command is coming from e g alias shell built in file system 21 history shows the history of shell commands used with an index number you can any of them by typing number 22 touch touch is used to alter the timestamp of a file if the file doesn t exit an empty one is created 23 curly braces will expand into many file names for instance touch file 1 2 3 will create files file1 file2 and file3 if they don t already exit you can also use ranges as in touch file 1 50 24 tr cut sed tr is used to translate and delete characters in a file cut is used to cut specific parts of each line on a file or command output sed is a scriptable editor which you can use to accomplish many text editing tasks please refer to the man page of each command to get details about them this entry was posted in linux on september 13 2013 by daniel scocco post navigation problem 8 on project euler with x86 assembly basic multithread programming and synchronization futex semaphores mutex etc leave a reply cancel reply your email address will not be published required fields are marked comment name email website save my name email and website in this browser for the next time i comment about the author my name is daniel scocco and i am a programmer and entrepreneur located in brazil on this website you ll find my hobby programming projects code samples i find interesting and solutions to programming puzzles and challenges i come across find me elsewhere danielscocco com github profile stackoverflow profile popular posts knapsack problem dynamic programming algorithm implementing huffman coding in c the sieve of eratosthenes implemented in c powerset algorithm in c mysql basic commands basic linux shell commands basic regex patterns in java perl gdb basic commands how computers represent negative binary numbers simple poker game in c fast exponentiation algorithms example of client server program in c using sockets and tcp sockets programming in c using udp datagrams categories algorithms assembly bitwise stuff book reviews c c challenges codechef combinatorics facebook hackers cup games google code jam heroku java javascript linux lisp 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