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hill the associated vici and canabae civilian settlements were erected towards the rhine historical sources and archaeological findings both prove the importance of the military and civilian mogontiacum as a port city on the rhine 17 view north along the rhine with the old winterhafen in the lower right and the former port facilities further north satellite view of mainz south of the rhine and wiesbaden line showing 50 north latitude on the gutenbergplatz climate edit mainz features a temperate oceanic climate köppen cfb trewartha dobk the city is one of the warmest in germany in winter 18 history edit for a chronological guide see timeline of mainz roman mogontiacum edit main article roman mogontiacum remains of a roman town gate from the late 4th century the drusus monument or drususstein surrounded by the 17th century citadel raised by the troops of nero claudius drusus to commemorate him remains of the roman aqueduct of mogontiacum the roman stronghold or castrum mogontiacum the precursor to mainz was founded by the roman general drusus perhaps as early as 13 12 bc as related by suetonius the existence of mogontiacum is well established by four years later the account of the death and funeral of nero claudius drusus mogontiacum was an important military town throughout roman times probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the main and the rhine 19 the town of mogontiacum grew up between the fort and the river the castrum was the base of legio xiv gemina and xvi gallica ad 9 43 xxii primigenia iv macedonica 43 70 i adiutrix 70 88 xxi rapax 70 89 and xiv gemina 70 92 among others mainz was also a base of a roman river fleet the classis germanica remains of roman troop ships navis lusoria and a patrol boat from the late 4th century were discovered in 1982 1986 and may now be viewed in the museum of ancient seafaring a temple dedicated to isis panthea and magna mater was discovered in 2000 20 and is open to the public the city was the provincial capital of germania superior and had an important funeral monument dedicated to drusus to which people made pilgrimages for an annual festival from as far away as lyon among the famous buildings were the largest theatre north of the alps and a bridge across the rhine the city was also the site of the assassination of emperor severus alexander in 235 alemanni forces under rando sacked the city in 368 from the last day of 405 21 or 406 the siling and asding vandals the suebi the alans and other germanic tribes crossed the rhine possibly at mainz christian chronicles relate that the bishop aureus was put to death by the alemannian crocus 22 throughout the changes of time the roman castrum never seems to have been permanently abandoned as a military installation which is a testimony to roman military judgement different structures were built there at different times the current citadel originated in 1660 but it replaced previous forts it was used in world war ii one of the sights at the citadel is still the cenotaph raised by legionaries to commemorate their general drusus 23 frankish mainz edit gold solidus of the frankish king theudebert i mainz mint c 534 in the 4th century alemans repeatedly invaded the neighborhood of mogontiacum 24 in 357 the city was liberated by the emperor julian 24 the last emperor to station troops serving the western empire at mainz was valentinian iii reigned 425 455 who relied heavily on his magister militum per gallias flavius aëtius in 451 attila s huns sacked the city 24 the franks from the middle and upper rhine area took mainz shortly before 460 25 after the fall of the western roman empire in 476 the franks under the rule of clovis i gained control over western europe by the year 496 26 clovis son of childeric became king of the salians in 481 ruling from tournai 27 he converted from paganism to catholic christianity 27 theudebert i c 500 547 or 548 had installed sidonius de 28 as bishop of mainz 29 dagobert i 605 603 639 reinforced the walls of mainz 30 31 charlemagne 768 814 through a succession of wars against other tribes built a vast frankish empire in europe mainz from its central location became important to the empire and to christianity 32 meanwhile language change was gradually working to divide the franks after the death of charlemagne distinctions between france and germany began to be made 33 34 the rhine roughly formed the border of their territories whereby the three important episcopal cities of mainz worms and speyer with their counties to the left of the rhine were assigned to east francia 25 35 christian mainz edit main article free city of mainz in the early middle ages mainz played a significant role in the christianisation of the german and slavic peoples the first archbishop in mainz boniface was killed in 754 while attempting to convert the frisians to christianity and is buried in fulda 36 the archbishopric of mainz was established in 781 when boniface s successor lullus was granted the pallium by pope adrian i 37 throughout history the archbishops of mainz held high positions including serving as archchancellors of the holy roman empire notably the roman catholic diocese of mainz is unique as it is the only diocese in the world with an episcopal see called a holy see sancta sedes ibrahim ibn yaqub a 10th century hispano arabic sephardi jewish traveler writes the following about the city mainz maghānja is a very large city partly inhabited and partly cultivated fields it is in the land of the franks on a river called the rhine rīn wheat barley rye grapevines and fruit are plentiful 38 in 1244 archbishop siegfried iii granted mainz a city charter allowing the citizens to establish and elect a city council 39 in 1461 a feud between two archbishops diether von isenburg and adolf ii von nassau caused unrest in the city following archbishop adolf s raid on mainz in 1462 those who opposed him including johannes gutenberg were either expelled or imprisoned ultimately after the death of archbishop adolf ii diether von isenburg was reinstated as the archbishop of mainz duly elected by the chapter and appointed by the pope 40 early jewish community edit interior of the weisenau synagogue built in the first half of the 18th century the jewish community of mainz dates back to the 10th century ce it is noted for its religious education rabbi gershom ben judah 960 1040 taught there among others 41 he concentrated on the study of the talmud creating a german jewish tradition mainz is also the legendary home of the martyred rabbi amnon of mainz that the composition of the unetanneh tokef prayer is attributed to him 42 from the late 12th century rabbis met in synods 43 the city of mainz responded to the jewish population in a variety of ways behaving in a capricious manner towards them sometimes they were allowed freedom and were protected at other times they were persecuted jews were attacked in the rhineland massacres of 1096 and by mobs in 1283 44 the jews were expelled in 1438 1462 after which they were invited to return and in 1470 45 outbreaks of the black death were usually blamed on the jews at which times they were massacred such as the murder of 6000 jews in 1349 46 outside of the medieval city centre there is a jewish cemetery with over 1500 headstones dating from the 11th through the 19th centuries 41 the earliest known gravestone is date to 1062 or 1063 and these early gravestones resemble those found in italy in the 8th 9th centuries 41 republic of mainz edit main article republic of mainz tombstone of jeanbon baron de st andré prefect of napoleonic mainz during the french revolution the french revolutionary army occupied mainz in 1792 the archbishop elector of mainz friedrich karl josef von erthal had already fled to aschaffenburg by the time the french marched in on 18 march 1793 the jacobins of mainz with other german democrats from about 130 towns in the rhenish palatinate proclaimed the republic of mainz led by georg forster representatives of the mainz republic in paris requested political affiliation of the mainz republic with france but too late prussia was not entirely happy with the idea of a democratic free state on german soil although the french dominated mainz was neither free nor democratic prussian troops had already occupied the area and besieged mainz by the end of march 1793 after a siege of 18 weeks the french troops in mainz surrendered on 23 july 1793 the prussians occupied the city and ended the republic of mainz it came to the battle of mainz in 1795 between austria and france members of the mainz jacobin club were mistreated or imprisoned and punished for treason 47 in 1797 the french returned the army of napoleon bonaparte occupied the german territory to the west of the rhine and the treaty of campo formio awarded france this entire area initially as the cisrhenian republic on 17 february 1800 the french département du mont tonnerre was founded here with mainz as its capital the rhine being the new eastern frontier of la grande nation austria and prussia could not but approve this new border with france in 1801 however after several defeats in europe during the war of the sixth coalition the weakened napoleon and his troops had to leave mainz in may 1814 48 rhenish hesse edit in 1816 the part of the former french département which is known today as rhenish hesse german rheinhessen was awarded to the hesse darmstadt mainz being the capital of the new hessian province of rhenish hesse from 1816 to 1866 a part of the german confederation mainz was the most important fortress in the defence against france and had a strong garrison of austrian prussian and bavarian troops 49 on the afternoon of 18 november 1857 a huge explosion rocked mainz when the city s powder magazine the pulverturm exploded approximately 150 people were killed and at least 500 injured 57 buildings were destroyed and a similar number severely damaged in what was to be known as the powder tower explosion or powder explosion 50 51 52 during the austro prussian war in 1866 mainz was declared a neutral zone 53 54 after the founding of the german empire in 1871 mainz no longer was as important a stronghold because in the franco prussian war france had lost the territory of alsace lorraine to germany which france had occupied bit by bit from 1630 to 1795 and this defined the new border between the two countries 55 industrial expansion edit mainz towards the rhine around 1890 mainz including expansion zone the rhine 1898 for centuries the inhabitants of the fortress of mainz had suffered from a severe shortage of space which led to disease and other inconveniences in 1872 mayor carl wallau and the council of mainz persuaded the military government to sign a contract to expand the city beginning in 1874 the city of mainz assimilated the gartenfeld an idyllic area of meadows and fields along the banks of the rhine to the north of the rampart 56 the city expansion more than doubled the urban area which allowed mainz to participate in the industrial revolution which had previously avoided the city for decades 56 eduard kreyßig de was the man who made this happen 56 having been the master builder of the city of mainz since 1865 kreyßig had the vision for the new part of town the neustadt 56 he also planned the first sewer system for the old part of town since roman times and persuaded the city government to relocate the railway line from the rhine side to the west end of the town the main station was built from 1882 to 1884 according to the plans of philipp johann berdellé de 57 kreyßig constructed a number of state of the art public buildings including the mainz town hall which was the largest of its kind in germany at that time as well a synagogue 58 the rhine harbour and a number of public baths and school buildings 59 kreyßig s last work was christ church christuskirche the largest protestant church in the city and the first building constructed solely for the use of a protestant congregation 60 in 1905 the demolition of the entire circumvallation and the rheingauwall was taken in hand according to the imperial order of wilhelm ii 61 20th century edit during the german revolution of 1918 the mainz workers and soldiers council was formed which ran the city from 9 november until the arrival of french troops under the terms of the occupation of the rhineland agreed in the armistice the french occupation was confirmed by the treaty of versailles which went into effect 28 june 1919 the rhineland in which mainz is located was to be a demilitarised zone until 1935 and the french garrison representing the triple entente was to stay until reparations were paid 62 in 1923 mainz participated in the rhineland separatist movement that proclaimed a rhenish republic 63 it collapsed in 1924 63 the french withdrew on 30 june 1930 63 adolf hitler became chancellor of germany in january 1933 and his political opponents especially those of the social democratic party were either incarcerated or murdered 64 some were able to move away from mainz in time 64 one was the political organizer for the spd friedrich kellner who went to laubach where as the chief justice inspector of the district court he continued his opposition against the nazis by recording their misdeeds in a 900 page diary 65 66 in march 1933 a detachment from the national socialist party in worms brought the party to mainz they hoisted the swastika on all public buildings and began to denounce the jewish population in the newspapers in 1936 the nazis remilitarized the rhineland with great fanfare the first move of nazi germany s meteoric expansion the former triple entente took no action 67 during world war ii the citadel at mainz hosted the oflag xii b prisoner of war camp 68 the city was also the location of four subcamps of the hinzert concentration camp mostly for luxembourgish polish dutch and soviet prisoners but also belgian french and italian 69 during world war ii several air raids destroyed about 80 percent of the city s centre including most of the historic buildings 70 mainz was captured on 22 march 1945 70 against uneven german resistance staunch in some sectors and weak in other parts of the city by the 90th infantry division under william a mcnulty a formation of the xii corps under third army commanded by general george s patton jr 71 from 1945 to 1949 the city was part of the french zone of occupation when the state of rhineland palatinate was founded on 30 august 1946 by the commander of the french army on the french occupation zone marie pierre kœnig mainz became the capital of the new state 72 in 1962 the diarist friedrich kellner returned to spend his last years in mainz his life in mainz and the impact of his writings is the subject of the canadian documentary my opposition the diaries of friedrich kellner 73 following the withdrawal of french forces from mainz the united states army europe occupied the military bases in mainz recent history edit n...
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