Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
and, early, life, education, 1980, 1987, 1945, career, 1960, 1963, 1979, relations, with, the, economic, 1995, 2000, 2008, 2013, 2017, robert, mugabe, contents, revolutionary, activity, premiership, president, of, zimbabwe, post, presidency, ideology, personal, public, image, legacy, see, also, references, further, reading, external, links, childhood, 1924, university, teaching, political, imprisonment, 1974, guerrilla, war, 1975, lancaster, house, agreement, electoral, campaign, race, zapu, gukurahundi, constitutional, reform, decline, land, seizures, growing, condemnation, power, sharing, opposition, mdc, later, years, coup, état, resignation, illness, death, funeral, 2019, marriages, children, notes, footnotes, bibliography,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1060), and (514), #mugabe (484), 2002 (343), was (245), meredith (233), that (228), 2008 (205), zimbabwe (191), from (183), his (173), for (151), blair (130), with (123), had (122), smith (115), norman (113), zanu (106), african (100), were (99), government (96), september (91), white (91), 1981 (88), simpson (85), 2017 (77), original (75), archived (75), holland (71), this (68), 2019 (68), retrieved (68), robert (61), president (58), which (58), who (55), him (50), november (49), would (49), rhodesia (46), not (46), election (45), but (44), country (44), 2009 (43), also (42), black (42), party (41), africa (40), land (40), its (39), zimbabwean (38), state (38), zapu (37), their (37), nkomo (36), power (36), edit (36), while (36), 1980 (35), after (35), first (34), february (34), one (33), house (32), new (32), during (32), national (31), mnangagwa (31), all (30), british (30), against (30), they (30), ndlovu (29), war (29), 2015 (29), there (29), south (28), people (28), minister (28), political (28), union (27), mdc (27), 2007 (27), southern (26), 2013 (26), january (26), years (26), been (26), many (26), prime (25), tendi (25), july (25), under (24), international (24), 2000 (24), 2018 (24), october (24), being (24), time (24), economic (24), gatsheni (23), december (23), leader (22), 1987 (22), 2010 (22), into (22), among (22), rhodesian (21), other (21), 2011 (21), violence (21), military (21), about (20), university (20), family (20), part (20), vote (20), news (20), rule (20), 000 (20), two (20), minority (20), may (19), anti (19), movement (19), revolutionary (19), april (19), over (19), called (19), number (19), them (19), these (19), seats (19), london (18), three (18), western (18), both (18), owned (18), august (17), howard (17), parliamentary (17), march (17), have (17), stated (17), marxist (17), million (17), general (16), kutama (16), members (16), emmerson (16), education (16), hassmann (16), out (16), population (16), supporters (16), later (16), any (16), shona (15), front (15), opposition (15), 1979 (15), campaign (15), david (15), left (15), bbc (15), zimbabweans (15), did (15), through (15), leadership (15), according (15), remained (15), hayfron (15), growing (15), unity (14), tsvangirai (14), wife (14), our (14), became (14), place (14), died (14), year (14), early (14), then (14), guerrilla (14), office (14), children (14), zanla (14), leaders (13), coup (13), second (13), community (13), public (13), june (13), agreement (13), life (13), guardian (13), former (13), accused (13), argued (13), between (13), because (13), following (13), majority (13), support (13), she (13), where (13), english (12), army (12), states (12), see (12), security (12), 2005 (12), gukurahundi (12), preceded (12), 978 (12), isbn (12), sithole (12), world (12), before (12), than (12), independence (12), within (12), racial (12), could (12), main (12), salisbury (12), sanctions (11), catholic (11), ministers (11), singapore (11), united (11), york (11), independent (11), parliament (11), since (11), operation (11), meeting (11), development (11), home (11), made (11), harare (11), grace (11), lancaster (11), position (11), what (11), further (11), history (11), human (11), rights (11), victory (11), nationalist (11), described (11), only (11), took (11), established (11), racism (10), school (10), ian (10), until (10), reform (10), presidency (10), succeeded (10), 2016 (10), 1997 (10), secretary (10), held (10), 1975 (10), onslow (10), redding (10), 2012 (10), are (10), death (10), has (10), successor (10), court (10), old (10), 115 (10), when (10), himself (10), having (10), whites (10), killed (10), gained (10), appointed (10), man (10), nationalism (10), electoral (10), arrested (10), mozambique (10), 1960 (10), toggle (9), view (9), legal (9), wikipedia (9), century (9), tekere (9), 1963 (9), presidential (9), foreign (9), vice (9), gabriel (9), 1990 (9), media (9), s2cid (9), doi (9), 2001 (9), politics (9), degree (9), 2014 (9), says (9), 184 (9), several (9), most (9), farmers (9), began (9), continued (9), those (9), led (9), soames (9), ghana (9), personal (9), much (9), more (9), met (9), like (9), parties (9), refused (9), figures (9), declared (9), farms (9), group (9), forces (9), teaching (9), ndp (9), non (8), patriotic (8), negotiations (8), affairs (8), related (8), son (8), sally (8), press (8), let (8), struggle (8), alao (8), buried (8), funeral (8), end (8), 127 (8), claimed (8), very (8), regime (8), colonial (8), matabeleland (8), known (8), society (8), her (8), cabinet (8), despite (8), 458 (8), marxism (8), controlled (8), take (8), day (8), elected (8), free (8), actions (8), banned (8), armed (8), 1995 (8), 120 (7), use (7), 2025 (7), pan (7), liberation (7), college (7), 1924 (7), muzorewa (7), john (7), moyo (7), mbeki (7), morgan (7), democratic (7), bulawayo (7), conference (7), 1080 (7), journal (7), making (7), third (7), gallagher (7), times (7), 109 (7), 1992 (7), post (7), 2020 (7), burial (7), father (7), won (7), must (7), speech (7), without (7), remain (7), 100 (7), 122 (7), 148 (7), 107 (7), least (7), executive (7), stating (7), regarded (7), dominated (7), often (7), countries (7), seizures (7), around (7), same (7), response (7), make (7), gave (7), relationship (7), never (7), provided (7), itself (7), noted (7), half (7), such (7), mission (7), sought (7), various (7), senior (7), protest (7), constitution (7), some (7), four (7), food (7), hoped (7), build (7), aid (7), constitutional (7), relations (7), law (7), largely (7), imprisoned (7), imprisonment (7), subsection (7), move (6), nationalists (6), alumni (6), fort (6), aligned (6), activists (6), honorary (6), degrees (6), genocide (6), mujuru (6), nkala (6), accepted (6), canaan (6), banana (6), joint (6), change (6), events (6), health (6), joseph (6), tony (6), bona (6), elections (6), resignation (6), premiership (6), 1989 (6), economy (6), peter (6), shire (6), teacher (6), mugabeism (6), 2023 (6), colonialism (6), living (6), dictator (6), cnn (6), body (6), burke (6), jason (6), cause (6), down (6), 123 (6), served (6), period (6), references (6), strong (6), increasingly (6), just (6), politician (6), 1982 (6), presented (6), course (6), twenty (6), latter (6), believed (6), marufu (6), whom (6), particularly (6), used (6), head (6), working (6), prison (6), 1983 (6), suggested (6), career (6), insisted (6), overthrow (6), past (6), contrast (6), force (6), form (6), others (6), attended (6), reported (6), months (6), said (6), however (6), article (6), should (6), including (6), council (6), secured (6), own (6), intimidation (6), 1999 (6), acres (6), blacks (6), now (6), brigade (6), machel (6), 1961 (6), search (5), policy (5), terms (5), you (5), page (5), last (5), articles (5), good (5), roman (5), politicians (5), hare (5), presidents (5), stripped (5), defence (5), order (5), republic (5), joshua (5), mumbengegwi (5), chitepo (5), assembly (5), 1985 (5), nkrumah (5), organisation (5), recognised (5), abel (5), internationally (5), name (5), henry (5), operations (5), command (5), sadc (5), small (5), rural (5), social (5), child (5), industry (5), trade (5), youth (5), 1996 (5), état (5), congo (5), 1976 (5), bush (5), activity (5), 1998 (5), days (5), case (5), scholar (5), martin (5), heidi (5), issn (5), sharing (5), britain (5), 108 (5), associated (5), 163 (5), 119 (5), village (5), heroes (5), acre (5), returned (5), revealed (5), dies (5), aged (5), backed (5), due (5), will (5), role (5), given (5), michael (5), 170 (5), 2003 (5), 158 (5), 178 (5), 313 (5), 311 (5), received (5), figure (5), removed (5), trial (5), expressed (5), born (5), kingdom (5), put (5), criticism (5), mid (5), hero (5), reconciliation (5), cost (5), initially (5), great (5), men (5), system (5), large (5), ceremony (5), corruption (5), problems (5), although (5), friend (5), pressure (5), idea (5), rhetoric (5), socialism (5), groups (5), officially (5), supreme (5), nations (5), run (5), age (5), attend (5), fair (5), avoid (5), 376 (5), reforms (5), recognise (5), commission (5), blamed (5), torture (5), resulted (5), right (5), farm (5), invasions (5), approximately (5), officials (5), police (5), base (5), conservative (5), hide (5), tortured (5), 293 (5), congress (5), district (5), attempt (5), 5th (5), zipra (5), apartheid (5), renamed (5), shortly (5), opposed (5), joined (5), 1974 (5), 1945 (5), hea (5), contents (4), organization (4), commons (4), 2026 (4), link (4), statements (4), service (4), 2024 (4), short (4), catholics (4), revolutionaries (4), sentiment (4), imperialism (4), open (4), makoni (4), deputy (4), speaker (4), castro (4), kaunda (4), unrecognised (4), 1965 (4), george (4), acting (4), women (4), 2004 (4), urban (4), agriculture (4), justice (4), joice (4), popular (4), chairperson (4), 1986 (4), next (4), herbert (4), links (4), 2006 (4), crisis (4), jstor (4), 203 (4), studies (4), revolution (4), 121 (4), miles (4), 307 (4), 169 (4), democracy (4), andrew (4), sabelo (4), keep (4), your (4), 186 (4), way (4), observer (4), anger (4), com (4), visit (4), 214 (4), turned (4), radio (4), whether (4), 308 (4), 110 (4), christian (4), reuters (4), unable (4), standard (4), package (4), five (4), impeachment (4), resign (4), urged (4), seven (4), deal (4), 157 (4), cricket (4), 131 (4), 218 (4), 165 (4), 179 (4), 128 (4), 124 (4), based (4), 1984 (4), example (4), evidence (4), humanity (4), letter (4), study (4), referred (4), referring (4), widely (4), long (4), displayed (4), 500 (4), developed (4), noting (4), genuine (4), abroad (4), 263 (4), personality (4), either (4), west (4), came (4), image (4), legacy (4), married (4), talk (4), mother (4), fact (4), involved (4), travel (4), real (4), financial (4), biographer (4), ideological (4), 342 (4), private (4), saw (4), speeches (4), well (4), self (4), poor (4), childhood (4), even (4), complex (4), young (4), hard (4), generated (4), almost (4), 1990s (4), secure (4), multi (4), result (4), speaking (4), problem (4), removal (4), another (4), portal (4), stadium (4), full (4), zambia (4), families (4), rejected (4), plan (4), zvimba (4), 427 (4), late (4), city (4), candidate (4), founded (4), issued (4), illegal (4), brought (4), business (4), resolution (4), read (4), sacked (4), introduced (4), six (4), arrest (4), governments (4), return (4), widespread (4), impacted (4), decided (4), rallies (4), critics (4), signed (4), nevertheless (4), passed (4), proposed (4), needed (4), condemnation (4), ban (4), defeat (4), 360 (4), chief (4), exile (4), china (4), estimated (4), alleged (4), rate (4), average (4), killing (4), declined (4), decline (4), here (4), judges (4), retained (4), redistribution (4), officers (4), subsequently (4), troops (4), businesses (4), commercial (4), broke (4), failed (4), peace (4), leninist (4), soviet (4), eastern (4), meetings (4), north (4), away (4), becoming (4), militants (4), tried (4), property (4), administration (4), taught (4), transition (4), moved (4), highfield (4), voter (4), agreed (4), lusaka (4), township (4), wing (4), 1964 (4), bachelor (4), sidebar (4), languages (3), additional (3), using (3), wikimedia (3), categories (3), wikidata (3), cs1 (3), maint (3), deprecated (3), archival (3), pages (3), prisoners (3), ousted (3), heads (3), deaths (3), cancer (3), 21st (3), 20th (3), control (3), uanc (3), muzenda (3), mutasa (3), msika (3), takawira (3), 1st (3), mubarak (3), drnovšek (3), singh (3), déby (3), abdel (3), aziz (3), diouf (3), nyerere (3), selassie (3), godfrey (3), edgar (3), charles (3), everard (3), committee (3), cholera (3), round (3), constituency (3), results (3), webster (3), mangwana (3), special (3), local (3), mutinhiri (3), information (3), patrick (3), sports (3), culture (3), sabina (3), daughter (3), hyperinflation (3), entumbane (3), mohamed (3), offices (3), 219 (3), fear (3), went (3), wrong (3), reading (3), blessing (3), colin (3), 160 (3), tyrant (3), global (3), 1139 (3), quarterly (3), story (3), freedom (3), pdf (3), abiodun (3), edinburgh (3), 174 (3), 162 (3), sentamu (3), action (3), corrupt (3), violent (3), attacked (3), 192 (3), autocrat (3), 2021 (3), epstein (3), 239 (3), 1140 (3), kept (3), say (3), mixed (3), jazeera (3), plans (3), few (3), dzirutwe (3), macdonald (3), winning (3), refuses (3), back (3), lavish (3), class (3), staff (3), daily (3), mphoko (3), get (3), cite (3), apparent (3), goodwill (3), appointment (3), mexico (3), less (3), chance (3), report (3), birthday (3), god (3), turning (3), claims (3), 175 (3), 171 (3), 173 (3), guthrie (3), attack (3), thabo (3), targeted (3), 316 (3), 317 (3), flower (3), olonga (3), 222 (3), leave (3), 231 (3), 227 (3), 191 (3), 135 (3), 200 (3), 180 (3), 188 (3), 164 (3), 138 (3), 136 (3), 133 (3), 153 (3), 151 (3), 152 (3), 149 (3), 150 (3), 147 (3), 129 (3), 126 (3), 156 (3), 101 (3), 117 (3), 116 (3), grandfather (3), notes (3), 1994 (3), ever (3), guilty (3), crimes (3), 516 (3), racist (3), think (3), demonstration (3), progressive (3), opponents (3), whatever (3), suggesting (3), attention (3), africans (3), ndebele (3), civilians (3), feared (3), far (3), controversial (3), close (3), 352 (3), tell (3), too (3), brother (3), extra (3), affair (3), secret (3), 484 (3), league (3), 1966 (3), trained (3), activist (3), biographers (3), articulate (3), rather (3), manner (3), meet (3), television (3), found (3), side (3), characterised (3), strength (3), off (3), compromise (3), academic (3), every (3), work (3), shared (3), traits (3), adopted (3), appearance (3), rumours (3), willing (3), opinions (3), european (3), economics (3), patriotism (3), 377 (3), desire (3), greater (3), dictatorship (3), pro (3), 1962 (3), leninism (3), carington (3), policies (3), embraced (3), ideologies (3), project (3), africanism (3), julius (3), flag (3), ideology (3), kabila (3), gathered (3), announced (3), request (3), intended (3), proposal (3), treatment (3), previous (3), instead (3), formed (3), resigned (3), release (3), decision (3), funds (3), permitted (3), interests (3), ten (3), per (3), announcing (3), immediately (3), negotiated (3), ruled (3), comments (3), thirds (3), major (3), responding (3), plotting (3), nor (3), negatively (3), appeals (3), race (3), values (3), organised (3), elite (3), credibility (3), allowing (3), offered (3), portrayed (3), 365 (3), oversaw (3), divided (3), prevent (3), changes (3), inflation (3), helped (3), 336 (3), citation (3), deployed (3), veterans (3), thousands (3), calling (3), 368 (3), gang (3), rival (3), neither (3), planned (3), join (3), stay (3), imposed (3), employment (3), 351 (3), commonwealth (3), mps (3), enemies (3), set (3), commander (3), import (3), politically (3), unemployed (3), rise (3), directly (3), ordered (3), provide (3), 338 (3), 333 (3), highest (3), billion (3), 332 (3), courts (3), can (3), stand (3), expanded (3), act (3), expropriation (3), seized (3), attacks (3), colleagues (3), involvement (3), referendum (3), insisting (3), payments (3), draft (3), fund (3), attitude (3), company (3), outside (3), chair (3), rose (3), conflict (3), gay (3), strike (3), regular (3), 280 (3), unemployment (3), demands (3), landless (3), 265 (3), settled (3), doing (3), pledged (3), encouraged (3), zum (3), launched (3), establishing (3), propaganda (3), nearly (3), representatives (3), holding (3), 242 (3), enos (3), dissenters (3), dissidents (3), membership (3), sympathetic (3), scale (3), violently (3), criticised (3), flight (3), empire (3), replaced (3), schools (3), obtaining (3), wider (3), socialist (3), walls (3), near (3), returning (3), crowd (3), themselves (3), moderate (3), central (3), ribeiro (3), resistance (3), 1958 (3), worked (3), training (3), kwame (3), 1952 (3), tools (3), table (2), statement (2), code (2), safety (2), contact (2), privacy (2), available (2), site (2), agree (2), hidden (2), category (2), unsourced (2), indefinitely (2), protected (2), description (2), perpetrators (2), individuals (2), detainees (2), chairpersons (2), grand (2), achimota (2), title (2), poland (2), netherlands (2), italy (2), france (2), mukarati (2), stuttaford (2), field (2), mpofu (2), ngwenya (2), chinamano (2), zvobgo (2), sekeramayi (2), nyagumbo (2), mombeshora (2), manyika (2), makombe (2), chidyausiku (2), simbarashe (2), didymus (2), ncube (2), ndiweni (2), chiefs (2), todd (2), hartley (2), wilson (2), senate (2), museveni (2), mahathir (2), mandela (2), boumédiène (2), nasser (2), ramaphosa (2), gaddafi (2), nguesso (2), obasanjo (2), compaoré (2), biya (2), ben (2), senghor (2), tolbert (2), amin (2), huggins (2), 1953 (2), antecedents (2), josiah (2), implementation (2), arthur (2), mutambara (2), outbreak (2), mavhoterapapi (2), subsequent (2), medium (2), enterprises (2), labour (2), welfare (2), ambrose (2), finance (2), governor (2), present (2), energy (2), mike (2), topics (2), airport (2), blue (2), roof (2), nephew (2), sister (2), murambatsvina (2), 2nd (2), idriss (2), ould (2), paul (2), janez (2), zail (2), diplomatic (2), suspended (2), merger (2), abolished (2), wikiquote (2), external (2), challenges (2), 111 (2), 03056240701340431 (2), 103 (2), 330 (2), richard (2), 963 (2), matter (2), 318 (2), representation (2), fighting (2), 1353 (2), sue (2), sean (2), riches (2), 491 (2), 137 (2), england (2), 2002b (2), rhoda (2), massive (2), failure (2), fighter (2), chigora (2), guzura (2), queen (2), bibliography (2), zealand (2), bentley (2), 0951 (2), 9467 (2), bishops (2), 0261 (2), 3077 (2), surprise (2), offspring (2), gucci (2), female (2), fight (2), ties (2), russian (2), intelligence (2), 125 (2), 233 (2), 964 (2), 965 (2), 183 (2), 244 (2), 211 (2), 1142 (2), chingono (2), hometown (2), rest (2), town (2), final (2), premier (2), does (2), means (2), takes (2), feelings (2), week (2), africanews (2), delayed (2), meldrum (2), turn (2), still (2), founding (2), strongman (2), unknown (2), walk (2), iol (2), news24 (2), forms (2), backing (2), undone (2), retirement (2), bedroom (2), voluntarily (2), immunity (2), jeffrey (2), sacks (2), future (2), ambassador (2), condemned (2), lady (2), friday (2), trip (2), speak (2), live (2), cancún (2), choose (2), 93rd (2), come (2), rivals (2), share (2), 146 (2), 144 (2), 143 (2), intervention (2), cup (2), andy (2), don (2), armbands (2), 221 (2), 228 (2), 229 (2), 226 (2), 196 (2), 236 (2), 899 (2), 223 (2), 238 (2), 207 (2), 198 (2), 199 (2), 204 (2), 205 (2), 105 (2), 167 (2), 166 (2), 134 (2), 102 (2), 130 (2), 309 (2), how (2), 314 (2), 194 (2), 235 (2), 310 (2), 118 (2), 112 (2), 114 (2), faber (2), tendai (2), 224 (2), mail (2), king (2), lobengula (2), merriam (2), footnotes (2), featuring (2), documentary (2), list (2), motorcade (2), revoked (2), withdrew (2), awarded (2), month (2), street (2), clear (2), previously (2), criminal (2), institute (2), association (2), typically (2), insecure (2), 514 (2), nelson (2), desmond (2), tutu (2), archbishop (2), 452 (2), decade (2), conciliatory (2), gradually (2), repressive (2), namely (2), approach (2), changed (2), intensified (2), 501 (2), standards (2), 193 (2), considerable (2), lacked (2), areas (2), 281 (2), mashonaland (2), 381 (2), cult (2), listen (2), threat (2), warm (2), throughout (2), beginning (2), whose (2), reputation (2), particular (2), interest (2), shopping (2), receiving (2), birth (2), chatunga (2), drew (2), bellarmine (2), 276 (2), aware (2), style (2), nation (2), dealings (2), suffered (2), dialysis (2), sent (2), ideas (2), nhamodzenyika (2), marriages (2), management (2), services (2), fashion (2), placed (2), severe (2), obsession (2), stemmed (2), reasons (2), belief (2), commented (2), driven (2), wealth (2), always (2), denis (2), paranoia (2), moral (2), intense (2), toward (2), dealing (2), sometimes (2), diplomat (2), devoid (2), difficult (2), 460 (2), broad (2), single (2), minded (2), charismatic (2), able (2), natural (2), behind (2), tradition (2), describing (2), cut (2), ordinary (2), marked (2), 443 (2), 106 (2), record (2), experienced (2), opinion (2), easily (2), discipline (2), character (2), spoke (2), certain (2), respected (2), admired (2), loathing (2), anglophile (2), little (2), wearing (2), taking (2), wide (2), avoided (2), vladimir (2), writings (2), nothing (2), heavily (2), peasant (2), regimes (2), resources (2), fanon (2), karl (2), marx (2), perceived (2), featured (2), determined (2), advantage (2), 1980s (2), radical (2), reactionary (2), nicolae (2), ceaușescu (2), 287 (2), 453 (2), influenced (2), socio (2), demonstrated (2), struck (2), preached (2), capitalist (2), capitalism (2), 450 (2), 1960s (2), permeated (2), range (2), neo (2), settler (2), engaging (2), thus (2), 441 (2), négritude (2), garveyism (2), ujamaa (2), nkrumaism (2), populist (2), requiring (2), level (2), yet (2), afro (2), ethnic (2), kenyatta (2), james (2), showing (2), namibia (2), 435 (2), residence (2), borrowdale (2), friends (2), trips (2), medical (2), told (2), advanced (2), effective (2), illness (2), high (2), praised (2), 409 (2), fighters (2), payment (2), dollars (2), status (2), debate (2), receive (2), required (2), supporting (2), houses (2), lower (2), appeared (2), fuelled (2), unpopular (2), mansion (2), circle (2), 400 (2), outcry (2), underwent (2), though (2), spending (2), surrounded (2), quiet (2), views (2), 383 (2), marred (2), undermine (2), upon (2), encourage (2), declaring (2), believing (2), damage (2), 379 (2), establishment (2), pay (2), employees (2), subjected (2), displaced (2), concern (2), 369 (2), scheduled (2), deemed (2), invasion (2), hold (2), worse (2), pressured (2), scheme (2), point (2), felt (2), solution (2), asked (2), 361 (2), facto (2), warfare (2), summit (2), expelled (2), echoed (2), diplomacy (2), introducing (2), repeatedly (2), charged (2), asset (2), freeze (2), arms (2), demanded (2), poverty (2), 357 (2), job (2), europe (2), attempted (2), counter (2), chimurenga (2), defense (2), observers (2), securing (2), grain (2), giving (2), suspected (2), forced (2), inhabitants (2), voted (2), 345 (2), 344 (2), cases (2), hiv (2), aids (2), expectancy (2), exacerbated (2), 335 (2), severely (2), agricultural (2), produced (2), maize (2), basic (2), proportion (2), faced (2), continuing (2), numbers (2), relied (2), relatives (2), 329 (2), watch (2), 328 (2), indigenous (2), member (2), eight (2), declaration (2), decree (2), compensation (2), redistributed (2), production (2), market (2), lack (2), access (2), fought (2), owners (2), paid (2), lead (2), success (2), recent (2), powers (2), measures (2), seize (2), providing (2), important (2), carried (2), denied (2), opposing (2), turnout (2), furious (2), rejecting (2), across (2), incident (2), damaged (2), imf (2), mismanagement (2), 302 (2), 300 (2), journalists (2), riot (2), publicly (2), 296 (2), committed (2), 3000 (2), commit (2), mining (2), lambasting (2), believe (2), 288 (2), mines (2), amid (2), internal (2), deteriorated (2), wages (2), pensions (2), armies (2), together (2), pension (2), taxes (2), abandoned (2), hundreds (2), 279 (2), become (2), entire (2), invited (2), measure (2), appeal (2), implemented (2), expropriated (2), leased (2), supplied (2), halted (2), monetary (2), overcrowding (2), growth (2), fixed (2), settle (2), wreck (2), unproductive (2), transitioned (2), bloc (2), maintained (2), remains (2), assets (2), generating (2), 262 (2), gain (2), car (2), unlimited (2), reserved (2), 251 (2), detained (2), closed (2), 245 (2), killings (2), acknowledged (2), mass (2), blame (2), massacres (2), advance (2), 243 (2), ronald (2), reagan (2), margaret (2), thatcher (2), spread (2), area (2), stores (2), starvation (2), overseeing (2), delegation (2), perpetrated (2), dismissed (2), bishop (2), engaged (2), environment (2), destabilise (2), denounced (2), region (2), ensuing (2), word (2), meaning (2), soon (2), resulting (2), aircraft (2), discovered (2), resentment (2), suspicion (2), converted (2), crushed (2), rally (2), grow (2), elderly (2), emigrated (2), allocated (2), 212 (2), bomb (2), headquarters (2), destroy (2), complained (2), exodus (2), allow (2), emphasised (2), commerce (2), evil (2), ownership (2), communal (2), lived (2), conditions (2), ensured (2), basis (2), exceptions (2), purchase (2), restricted (2), purchasing (2), 190 (2), newspapers (2), 189 (2), trust (2), permission (2), 185 (2), need (2), transformation (2), grew (2), 177 (2), secondary (2), literacy (2), levels (2), statues (2), named (2), prominent (2), korean (2), architects (2), monument (2), advisers (2), bringing (2), convince (2), experience (2), absolute (2), orderly (2), disqualify (2), win (2), attempts (2), mount (2), pleasant (2), exploded (2), responsible (2), event (2), separate (2), ceasefire (2), condition (2), remaining (2), talks (2), pair (2), wanted (2), vorster (2), predominately (2)
Text of the page (random words):
ic front zanu pf from 1980 to 2017 ideologically an african nationalist during the 1970s and 1980s he identified as a marxist leninist and from the 1990s as a socialist mugabe was born to a poor shona family in kutama southern rhodesia educated at kutama college and the university of fort hare he worked as a schoolteacher angered by white minority rule of his homeland within the british empire mugabe embraced marxism and joined african nationalists calling for an independent state controlled by the black majority after making antigovernmental comments he was convicted of sedition and imprisoned between 1964 and 1974 on release he fled to mozambique established his leadership of zanu and oversaw its role in the rhodesian bush war fighting ian smith s predominantly white government he reluctantly participated in peace talks in the united kingdom that resulted in the lancaster house agreement ending the war in the 1980 general election mugabe led zanu pf to victory becoming prime minister when the country now renamed zimbabwe gained internationally recognised independence later that year mugabe s administration expanded healthcare and education and despite his professed desire for a socialist society adhered largely to mainstream economic policies mugabe s calls for racial reconciliation failed to stem growing white emigration while relations with joshua nkomo s zimbabwe african people s union zapu also deteriorated in the gukurahundi of 1982 1987 mugabe s 5th brigade crushed zapu linked opposition in matabeleland in a campaign that killed at least 20 000 people internationally he sent troops into the second congo war and chaired the non aligned movement 1986 1989 the organisation of african unity 1997 1998 and the african union 2015 2016 pursuing decolonisation mugabe emphasised the redistribution of land controlled by white farmers to landless blacks from 2000 he encouraged black zimbabweans to violently seize white owned farms food production was severely impacted leading to famine hyperinflation economic decline and foreign sanctions opposition to mugabe grew but he was re elected in 2002 2008 and 2013 through campaigns dominated by violence electoral fraud and nationalistic appeals to his rural shona voter base in 2017 members of his party ousted him in a coup replacing him with former vice president emmerson mnangagwa mugabe died in singapore two years later having dominated zimbabwe s politics for nearly four decades mugabe was a controversial figure he was praised as a revolutionary hero of the african liberation struggle who helped free zimbabwe from british colonialism imperialism and white minority rule critics accused mugabe of being a dictator responsible for economic mismanagement and widespread corruption and human rights abuses including anti white racism crimes against humanity and genocide early life and education edit childhood 1924 1945 edit robert gabriel mugabe was born on 21 february 1924 at the kutama mission village in southern rhodesia s lomagundi district in an area that is now part of zvimba district in mashonaland 2 his father gabriel matibiri was a carpenter while his mother bona was a christian catechist for the village children 3 bona and gabriel had six children miteri michael raphael robert dhonandhe donald sabina and bridgette 4 they belonged to the zezuru clan one of the smallest branches of the shona people 5 mugabe s paternal grandfather was chief constantine karigamombe alias matibiri a powerful figure who served king lobengula in the 19th century 6 through his father he claimed membership of the chieftaincy family that has provided the hereditary rulers of zvimba for generations 7 the jesuits were strict disciplinarians and under their influence mugabe developed an intense self discipline 8 while also becoming a devout catholic 9 mugabe excelled at school 10 where he was a secretive and solitary child 11 preferring to read rather than playing sports or socialising with other children 12 he was taunted by many of the other children who regarded him as a coward and a mother s boy 13 in about 1930 gabriel had an argument with one of the jesuits and as a result the mugabe family was expelled from the mission village by its french leader father jean baptiste loubière 14 the family settled in a village about 11 kilometres 7 miles away the children were permitted to remain at the mission primary school living with relatives in kutama during term time and returning to their parental home on weekends 10 around the same time robert s older brother raphael died likely of diarrhoea 10 in early 1934 robert s other older brother michael also died after consuming poisoned maize 15 later that year gabriel left his family in search of employment in bulawayo 16 he subsequently abandoned bona and their six children and established a relationship with another woman with whom he had three further offspring 17 loubière died shortly after and was replaced by an irishman father jerome o hea who welcomed the return of the mugabe family to kutama 10 in contrast to the racism that permeated southern rhodesian society under o hea s leadership the kutama mission preached an ethos of racial equality 18 o hea nurtured the young mugabe shortly before his death in 1970 he described the latter as having an exceptional mind and an exceptional heart 19 as well as helping provide mugabe with a christian education o hea taught him about the irish war of independence in which ireland had seceded from the united kingdom 20 after completing six years of elementary education in 1941 mugabe was offered a place on a teacher training course at kutama college mugabe s mother could not afford the tuition fees which were paid in part by his grandfather and in part by o hea 21 as part of this education mugabe began teaching at his old school earning 2 per month which he used to support his family 22 in 1944 gabriel returned to kutama with his three new children but died shortly after leaving robert to take financial responsibility for both his three siblings and three half siblings 22 having attained a teaching diploma mugabe left kutama in 1945 23 university education and teaching career 1945 1960 edit during the following years mugabe taught at various schools around southern rhodesia 24 among them the dadaya mission school in shabani 25 there is no evidence that mugabe was involved in political activity at the time and he did not participate in the country s 1948 general strike 26 in 1949 he won a scholarship to study at the university of fort hare in south africa s eastern cape 27 there he joined the african national congress youth league ancyl 28 and attended african nationalist meetings where he met a number of jewish south african communists who introduced him to marxist ideas 29 he later related that despite this exposure to marxism his biggest influence at the time were the actions of mahatma gandhi during the indian independence movement 30 in 1952 he left the university with a bachelor of arts degree in history and english literature 31 in later years he described his time at fort hare as the turning point in his life 32 mugabe was inspired by the example set by ghana s kwame nkrumah mugabe returned to southern rhodesia in 1952 33 by which time he later related he was completely hostile to the colonialist system 34 here his first job was as a teacher at the driefontein catholic mission school near umvuma 28 in 1953 he relocated to the highfield government school in salisbury s harari township and in 1954 to the mambo township government school in gwelo 35 meanwhile he gained a bachelor of education degree by correspondence from the university of south africa 36 and ordered a number of marxist tracts among them karl marx s capital and friedrich engels the condition of the working class in england from a london mail order company 37 despite his growing interest in politics he was not active in any political movement 34 he joined a number of inter racial groups such as the capricorn africa society through which he mixed with both black and white rhodesians 38 guy clutton brock who knew mugabe through this group later noted that he was an extraordinary young man who could be a bit of a cold fish at times but could talk about elvis presley or bing crosby as easily as politics 39 from 1955 to 1958 mugabe lived in neighbouring northern rhodesia where he worked at chalimbana teacher training college in lusaka 36 there he continued his education by working on a second degree by correspondence this time a bachelor of administration from the university of london international programmes through distance learning 36 in northern rhodesia he was taken in for a time by the family of emmerson mnangagwa whom mugabe inspired to join the liberation movement and who would later go on to be president of zimbabwe 40 in 1958 mugabe moved to ghana to work at st mary s teacher training college in takoradi 41 he taught at apowa secondary school also at takoradi after obtaining his local certification at achimota college 1958 1960 where he met his first wife sally hayfron 42 according to mugabe i went to ghana as an adventurist i wanted to see what it would be like in an independent african state 43 ghana had been the first african state to gain independence from european colonial powers and under the leadership of kwame nkrumah underwent a range of african nationalist reforms mugabe reveled in this environment 44 in tandem with his teaching mugabe attended the kwame nkrumah ideological institute in winneba 45 mugabe later claimed that it was in ghana that he finally embraced marxism 46 he also began a relationship there with hayfron who worked at the college and shared his political interests 47 revolutionary activity edit early political career 1960 1963 edit while mugabe was teaching abroad an anti colonialist african nationalist movement was established in southern rhodesia it was first led by joshua nkomo s southern rhodesia african national congress founded in september 1957 and then banned by the colonial government in february 1959 48 sranc was replaced by the more radically oriented national democratic party ndp founded in january 1960 49 in may 1960 mugabe returned to southern rhodesia bringing hayfron with him 50 the pair had planned for their visit to be short however mugabe s friend the african nationalist leopold takawira urged them to stay 51 joshua nkomo became one of the leading figures of resistance to white minority rule in southern rhodesia in july 1960 takawira and two other ndp officials were arrested in protest mugabe joined a demonstration of 7 000 people who planned to march from highfield to the prime minister s office in salisbury the demonstration was stopped by riot police outside stoddart hall in harare township 52 by midday the next day the crowd had grown to 40 000 and a makeshift platform had been erected for speakers having become a much respected figure through his profession his possession of three degrees and his travels abroad mugabe was among those invited to speak to the crowd 53 following this event mugabe decided to devote himself full time to activism resigning his teaching post in ghana after having served two years of the four year teaching contract 54 he chaired the first ndp congress held in october 1960 assisted by herbert chitepo on the procedural aspects mugabe was elected the party s publicity secretary 55 mugabe consciously injected emotionalism into the ndp s african nationalism hoping to broaden its support among the wider population by appealing to traditional cultural values 56 he helped to form the ndp youth wing and encouraged the incorporation of ancestral prayers traditional costume and female ululation into its meetings 57 in february 1961 he married hayfron in a catholic ceremony conducted in salisbury she had converted to catholicism to make this possible 58 the british government held a salisbury conference in 1961 to determine southern rhodesia s future nkomo led an ndp delegation which hoped that the british would support the creation of an independent state governed by the black majority representatives of the country s white minority who then controlled southern rhodesia s government were opposed to this promoting continued white minority rule 59 following negotiations nkomo agreed to a proposal which would allow the black population representation through 15 of the 65 seats in the country s parliament mugabe and others in the ndp were furious at nkomo s compromise 60 following the conference southern rhodesia s african nationalist movement fell into disarray 61 mugabe spoke at a number of ndp rallies before the party was banned by the government in december 1961 62 many of its members re grouped as the zimbabwe african people s union zapu several days later 63 with mugabe appointed as zapu s publicity secretary and general secretary 64 racial violence was growing in the country with aggrieved black africans targeting the white community 65 mugabe deemed such conflict a necessary tactic in the overthrow of british colonial dominance and white minority rule this contrasted with nkomo s view that african nationalists should focus on international diplomacy to encourage the british government to grant their demands 65 nine months after it had been founded zapu was also banned by the government 63 and in september 1962 mugabe and other senior party officials were arrested and restricted to their home districts for three months 63 both mugabe and his wife were in trouble with the law he had been charged with making subversive statements in a public speech and awarded bail before his trial 66 hayfron had been sentenced to two years imprisonment suspended for 15 months for a speech in which she declared that the british queen elizabeth ii can go to hell 67 europeans must realise that unless the legitimate demands of african nationalism are recognised then racial conflict is inevitable mugabe early 1960s 68 the rise of african nationalism generated a white backlash in southern rhodesia with the right wing rhodesian front winning the december 1962 general election the new government sought to preserve white minority rule by tightening security and establishing full independence from the united kingdom 69 mugabe met with colleagues at his house in salisbury s highbury district where he argued that as political demonstrations were simply being banned it was time to move towards armed resistance 70 both he and others rejected nkomo s proposal that they establish a government in exile in dar es salaam 71 he and hayfron skipped bail to attend a zapu meeting in the tanganyikan city 72 there the party leadership met tanganyika s president julius nyerere who also dismissed the idea of a government in exile and urged zapu to organise their resistance to white minority rule within southern rhodesia itself 73 in august hayfron gave birth to mugabe s son whom they named nhamodzenyika a shona ...
|
