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6 led to british occupation the mfecane a period of significant upheaval led to the formation of various african kingdoms including the zulu kingdom the region was further colonised and the mineral revolution saw a shift towards industrialisation and urbanisation following the second boer war the union of south africa was created in 1910 after the amalgamation of the cape natal transvaal and orange river colonies becoming a republic after the 1961 referendum the multi racial cape qualified franchise in the cape was gradually eroded and the vast majority of black south africans were not enfranchised until 1994 23 the national party imposed apartheid in 1948 institutionalising previous racial segregation after a struggle by the african national congress and other anti apartheid activists both inside and outside the country the repeal of discriminatory laws began in the mid 1980s universal elections took place in 1994 following which all racial groups have held political representation in the country s liberal democracy which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces recognised as a middle power in international affairs south africa maintains significant regional influence and is a member of brics the african union hosting the seat of the pan african parliament sadc sacu the commonwealth of nations and the g20 24 25 a developing and newly industrialised country it has the largest economy in africa by nominal gdp 26 27 is tied with ethiopia for the most unesco world heritage sites in africa 28 and is a biodiversity hotspot with unique biomes plant and animal life south africa encompasses a variety of cultures languages and religions and has been called the rainbow nation especially in the wake of apartheid to describe its diversity 29 since the end of apartheid government accountability and quality of life have substantially improved for non white citizens 30 however crime violence poverty and inequality remain widespread with about 32 of the population unemployed as of 2024 update 31 32 while some 56 lived below the poverty line in 2014 33 34 having the highest gini coefficient of 0 67 south africa is considered one of the most economically unequal countries in the world 35 36 etymology see also list of official names of south africa the name south africa is derived from the country s geographic location at the southern tip of africa upon formation the country was named the union of south africa in english and unie van zuid afrika in dutch reflecting its origin from the unification of four british colonies since 1961 the long formal name in english has been the republic of south africa and republiek van suid afrika in afrikaans the country has an official name in 12 official languages 37 38 mzansi derived from the xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south is a colloquial name for south africa 39 40 while some pan africanist political parties prefer the term azania which is a word originating from greek and not an african language 41 history main article history of south africa prehistory front of maropeng at the cradle of humankind south africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world 42 43 44 archaeologists have recovered extensive fossil remains from a series of caves in gauteng known as the cradle of humankind which has been declared a unesco world heritage site the sites include sterkfontein one of the richest sites for hominin fossils in the world as well as swartkrans gondolin cave kromdraai cooper s cave and malapa the first hominin fossil discovered in africa the taung child was found near taung in 1924 other hominin remains have come from the sites of makapansgat in limpopo cornelia and florisbad in the free state border cave in kwazulu natal klasies river caves in the eastern cape and pinnacle point elandsfontein and die kelders cave in the western cape 45 these finds suggest that various hominid species existed in south africa from about three million years ago starting with australopithecus africanus 46 followed by australopithecus sediba homo ergaster homo erectus homo rhodesiensis homo helmei homo naledi and modern humans homo sapiens modern humans have inhabited southern africa for at least 170 000 years various researchers have located pebble tools within the vaal river valley 47 48 pre colonial period main article bantu expansion the indigenous san and khoikhoi peoples of southern africa were predominantly hunter gatherers and in the case of the khoikhoi also practised pastoralism 49 khoisan peoples may be the descendants of an early dispersal of anatomically modern humans to southern africa before 150 000 years ago 50 they were largely displaced or absorbed by the bantu expansion which took place between 1 500 and 2 000 years ago 51 mapungubwe hill the site of the former capital of the kingdom of mapungubwe bantu settlers expanded from west africa from approximately 3 000 bce 52 settlements of bantu speaking peoples who were iron using agriculturists and herdsmen were present south of the limpopo river now the northern border with botswana and zimbabwe by the 4th or 5th century the earliest ironworks in modern day kwazulu natal are believed to date from around 1050 53 the southernmost group was the xhosa people whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the khoisan languages and who eventually reached the great fish river in the present day eastern cape as they migrated these larger iron age populations displaced or assimilated earlier peoples in mpumalanga several stone circles have been found along with a stone arrangement that has been named adam s calendar and the ruins are thought to be created by the bakone a northern sotho group 54 55 around 1220 in the limpopo shashe basin the elite of k2 moved to settle the flat topped summit of mapungubwe hill with the population settling below rainmaking was crucial to the development of sacral kingship and several rainmaking sites have been found nearby including ratho kroonkop by 1250 the capital of the mapungubwe kingdom had a population of 5 000 and the state covered 30 000 km 2 11 500 square miles growing wealthy through the indian ocean trade the events around mapungubwe s collapse circa 1300 are unknown however trade routes shifted north from the limpopo to the zambezi precipitating the rise of great zimbabwe the hill was abandoned and mapungubwe s population scattered 56 in the soutpansberg interactions between early shona inhabitants possible from mapungubwe late comer shona and sotho speakers between the 15th and 17th centuries culminated in the formation of the venda language and identity 57 in the late 17th century a splinter group from the dynasty of the rozvi empire migrated south they were the singo the singo settled at dzata which became the capital of the venda kingdom and came to subdue all of the soutpansberg in the late 18th century following trade routes moving south the state collapsed the most powerful dynasties that remained were the ramabulana singo in the western soutpansberg and the tshivhase singo and mphaphuli singo in the eastern soutpansberg 58 portuguese exploration see also portuguese discoveries portuguese explorer bartolomeu dias planting the cross at cape point after being the first to successfully round the cape of good hope in 1487 the portuguese explorer bartolomeu dias led the first european voyage to land in southern africa 59 on 4 december he landed at walfisch bay now known as walvis bay in present day namibia this was south of the furthest point reached in 1485 by his predecessor the portuguese navigator diogo cão being cape cross north of the bay dias continued down the western coast of southern africa after 8 january 1488 prevented by storms from proceeding along the coast he sailed out of sight of land and passed the southernmost point of africa without seeing it he reached as far up the eastern coast of africa as what he called rio do infante probably the present day groot river in may 1488 on his return he saw the cape which he named cabo das tormentas cape of storms king john ii renamed the point cabo da boa esperança or cape of good hope as it led to the riches of the east indies 60 dias feat of navigation was immortalised in luís de camões 1572 epic poem os lusíadas 61 in 1497 vasco da gama set sail from lisbon and became the first european to reach india in 1498 via the cape of good hope opening up oceanic trade between europe and asia he bypassed the coast of present day south africa and made landfall in present day mozambique 62 dutch and british colonisation of the cape main articles dutch cape colony slavery in south africa and cape colony the dutch first made contact with the coast of southern africa in 1595 with portuguese maritime power declining in the early 17th century english and dutch merchants competed to dislodge portugal s lucrative monopoly on the spice trade 63 british east india company representatives sporadically called at the cape in search of provisions from as early as 1601 but later came to favour ascension island and saint helena as ports of refuge 64 dutch interest was aroused after 1647 when two employees of the dutch east india company were shipwrecked at the cape for several months and managed to survive by obtaining fresh water and meat from the indigenous peoples 64 and sowing crops in the fertile soil 65 upon their return to holland they reported favourably on the cape s potential as a warehouse and garden for provisions to stock passing ships for long voyages 64 charles davidson bell s 19th century painting of jan van riebeeck who founded the first european settlement in south africa arriving in table bay in 1652 in 1652 a century and a half after the discovery of the cape route jan van riebeeck established a victualling station at the cape of good hope at what would become cape town on behalf of the dutch east india company 66 67 in time the cape became home to a large population of free burghers 67 dutch traders also brought thousands of enslaved people to the fledgling colony from present day indonesia madagascar and eastern africa 68 some of the earliest mixed race communities in the country were formed between free burghers enslaved people and indigenous peoples 69 this led to the development of a new ethnic group the cape coloureds most of whom adopted the dutch language and christian faith 69 conflicts over resources between the indigenous khoisan people and dutch settlers began in the 17th century and continued for centuries 70 dutch colonists eastward expansion caused wars with the southwesterly migrating xhosa nation as both sides competed for the pastureland near the great fish river which the colonists desired for grazing cattle 71 free burghers who became independent farmers on the frontier were known as boers with some the trekboers adopting semi nomadic lifestyles 71 the boers formed loose militias which they termed commandos and forged alliances with khoisan peoples to repel xhosa raids 71 both sides launched bloody but inconclusive offensives and sporadic violence often accompanied by livestock theft remained common for several decades 71 depiction of a zulu attack on a boer camp in february 1838 great britain occupied cape town between 1795 and 1803 to prevent it from falling under the control of the french first republic which had invaded the low countries 71 after briefly returning to dutch rule under the batavian republic in 1803 the cape was occupied again by the british in 1806 72 following the end of the napoleonic wars it was formally ceded to great britain and became an integral part of the british empire 73 british emigration to south africa began around 1818 culminating in the arrival of the 1820 settlers 73 the purpose of which was primarily to increase the size of the european workforce and bolster frontier regions against xhosa incursions 73 mfecane and colonial expansion main articles cape colony mfecane boer republics and great trek in the early 1800s the mfecane lit crushing saw a heightened period of conflict migration and state formation among native groups caused by the complex interplay of international trade environmental instability and european colonisation 74 chiefdoms grew wealthier and competed over trade routes and grazing land leading to the formation of the ndwandwe and mthethwa paramountcies in the east of the country 75 ndwandwe defeated mthethwa which in turn split into several groups one of which was led by shaka of the amazulu 76 the 1810s saw the fourth and fifth xhosa wars as british colonisation expanded 77 the ndwandwe paramountcy splintered amid costly raids and shaka s zulu kingdom rose to fill the power vacuum 76 the gaza empire concurrently formed and while the zulu managed to totally defeat the ndwandwe they were repelled by gaza 78 79 1876 map of south africa during the early 19th century many dutch settlers departed from the cape colony where they had been subjected to british control in a series of migrant groups who came to be known as voortrekkers lit pathfinders or pioneers they migrated to the future natal free state and transvaal regions and following their victory over the zulu kingdom at the battle of blood river on 16 december 1838 founded the boer republics the natalia republic the south african republic and the orange free state 80 in the interior the cape colony expanded at the expense of the batswana and griqua and boer expansion destabilised the middle orange river region 81 the matabele kingdom came to dominate the eastern interior and raided the venda kingdom 82 the discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1884 in the interior initiated the mineral revolution which increased economic growth and immigration and intensified british subjugation of the indigenous peoples the struggle to control these important economic resources shaped relations between europeans and the indigenous population as well as between the boers and the british 83 on 16 may 1876 president thomas françois burgers of the south african republic declared war against the pedi people king sekhukhune defeated the army on 1 august 1876 with another attack by the lydenburg volunteer corps being similarly repulsed on 16 february 1877 the two parties signed a peace treaty at botshabelo 84 the boers inability to subdue the pedi led to the departure of burgers in favour of paul kruger and the british annexation of the south african republic in 1878 and 1879 three british attacks were successfully repelled until garnet wolseley defeated sekhukhune in november 1879 with an army of 2 000 british soldiers boers and 10 000 swazis the anglo zulu war was fought in 1879 between the british and the zulu kingdom following lord carnarvon s successful introduction of federation in canada it was thought that similar political effort coupled with military campaigns might succeed with the african kingdoms tribal areas and boer republics in south africa in 1874 henry bartle frere was sent ...
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