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description= Extremophiles are organisms that live in extreme environments. Learn why extremophiles are remarkable, not only because of their habitats.;
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cteria domains manage to survive scrappily using biofilms for both protection and nutrient absorption advertisement putting thermus aquaticus and other extremophiles to work d radiodurans is hardier than any human astronaut we ll likely send into space these bacteria could survive life on another planet michael daly doe nasa in the 1960s dr thomas brock a biologist was investigating bacteria in yellowstone national park s hot springs when he stumbled upon something unprecedented bacteria living in the area were thriving at extraordinarily high temperatures the newly named thermus aquaticus lived in water that was nearly 212 degrees fahrenheit 100 degrees celsius practically boiling advertisement t aquaticus provided the basis for two groundbreaking discoveries in biology and proved to be the first archaea remember archaea are a diverse group of organisms with their own unique type of rrna different from bacteria equally significant this extremophile produced an enzyme known as taq polymerase which found an industrial application in pcrs polymerase chain reactions pcr allows scientists to replicate a piece of dna billions of times over a span of a few hours without the process nearly all work requiring dna replication from forensic science to genetic testing wouldn t be possible other extremophiles have proved useful in industrial and medical research applications though likely none so much as t aquaticus scientists have examined at least one extremophile that produces a protein similar to one found in humans this protein appears to play a role in various autoimmune diseases and conditions like arthritis enzymes from alkaliphiles are used for making laundry and dishwashing detergents they are also used for removing hair from animal hides another alkaliphile from yellowstone is used in making paper and treating waste because it produces a protein that breaks down hydrogen peroxide radiation resistance nasa is studying an extremophile deinococcus radiodurans which is extremely resistant to radiation this microbe can withstand doses of radiation 500 percent higher than would be lethal to humans source nasa interestingly the radiation actually does break the microbe s dna into pieces but in many cases the dna can reassemble and work normally again it accomplishes this by shedding broken parts of dna using a special enzyme to attach good dna to other still healthy pieces of dna and then creating complementary pieces to bond to these newly formed long dna strands understanding how d radiodurans does this could allow scientists to bring dead cells back to life for nasa harnessing this dna resistance could offer clues for building better spacesuits or spacecraft advertisement panspermia and astrobiology so far bacteria seem more adept at space travel than we are here a scientist moves part of the growth of bacterial biofilm on surfaces during spaceflight gobss experiment if only bacteria could talk image courtesy nasa panspermia is the idea that primitive life forms could travel between planets and survive the journey for some panspermia represents a possible origin of life on earth as microbes from other planets yes we re talking extraterrestrial life could have arrived here and acted as the forebears of all subsequent developing species the concept is often ridiculed as unrealistic and speculative but several recent studies have lent panspermia more credibility advertisement one study found that some tardigrades microscopic eight legged invertebrates were able to survive after spending 10 days exposed to space and solar radiation between various other research efforts scientists have found that organisms classified as bacteria lichens and invertebrate animals have survived at least some time spent in the vacuum of space some protection from radiation such as being on a rock seems to help organisms survive the journey but wherever they land these space travelers need an environment that will allow them to live and grow so with these ideas in mind is it fair to say that we humans might be aliens one popular panspermia theory holds that earthly life originated on mars which about 4 5 billion years ago was far more hospitable to life than our planet source usa today in addition the late heavy bombardment a period of numerous asteroid impacts on earth and mars might have brought life to earth around 4 billion years ago but if this is true and many scientists don t think it is life almost certainly didn t come from another solar system or stars the distances are still widely considered too great for life to have survived astrobiology and microbial life forms instead of a rather farfetched theory like panspermia the answers to our origins may come through astrobiology the study of life throughout the universe astrobiology draws heavily on the study of extremophiles because of the belief that life forms beyond earth may be residing in extreme environments but astrobiology isn t just a quest for life in other parts of the universe it also examines basic questions about the origins of life environments that are conducive to optimal growth for life how life develops and the limits of what life can tolerate central to astrobiology is the search for the original ancestor of all living things on earth variously referred to as the last universal common ancestor luca the last common ancestor lca or the cenancestor scientists believe that luca was an extremophile that lived more than 3 billion years ago in a harsh anaerobic environment even so scientists are also debating what came before that going back in time from dna based organisms like humans and luca to rna based ones and finally to the first living organism flo but this quest points us toward even more basic questions namely what is life is life just a bundle of amino acids similarly when exactly did earth shift from a chemical world to a biological one is life something that can replicate itself something that can evolve in probing these questions of where we come from extremophiles those strange survivors from our past will surely be part of biology s exciting future this article was updated in conjunction with ai technology then fact checked and edited by a howstuffworks editor advertisement frequently answered questions what are extremophiles extremophiles are microorganisms or organisms that thrive and exhibit remarkable adaptability in extreme environmental conditions typically considered inhospitable to most life forms such as high temperatures acidity salinity or the presence of toxic substances how do living organisms survive in extreme environments living organisms survive in extreme environments by evolving specialized adaptations that enable them to withstand and thrive in conditions such as extreme temperatures high pressures or unusual chemical compositions what can we learn from extremophiles studying extremophiles provides valuable insights into the adaptability of life forms in extreme environments offering implications for the existence of life beyond earth and practical applications in biotechnology and astrobiology lots more information related howstuffworks articles are we not the only earth out there how planet hunting works are we looking for aliens in the wrong places how can succulents go days without water how volcanoes work what happens to whales when they die how depthx works how aliens work more great links genesis search for origins life in extreme environments the international society for extremophiles sources a new form of life nasa july 30 2003 http science nasa gov headlines y2003 30jul_monolake htm ancient life thrives in the deep bbc news feb 23 2005 http news bbc co uk 2 hi science nature 4291571 stm bacteria in extremely hostile environments new protein discovered that repairs dna under extreme conditions science daily june 30 2008 http www sciencedaily com releases 2008 06 080625105718 htm definition of rrna medicinenet feb 19 2001 http www medterms com script main art asp articlekey 16316 extremophile hunt begins nasa feb 7 2008 http science nasa gov headlines y2008 07feb_cloroxlake htm forecast hot and humid the why files university of wisconsin 1999 http whyfiles org 022critters hot_bact html glossary discovery guides http www csa com discoveryguides vent gloss php introduction to the archaea university of california museum of paleontology http www ucmp berkeley edu archaea archaea html making sense of the species the why files university of wisconsin 1999 http whyfiles org 022critters phylogeny html microbial life educational resources science education resource center carleton college http serc carleton edu microbelife about index html microbial life in extreme environments science education resource center carleton college http serc carleton edu microbelife extreme index html name that species science daily march 1 2006 http www sciencedaily com videos 2006 0307 name_that_species htm nasa scientist discovers new species of organism in mars like environment science daily july 31 2003 http www sciencedaily com releases 2003 07 030731081613 htm what is an extreme environment nasa astrobiology institute http nai arc nasa gov astrobio feat_questions extreme cfm who are the extremophiles science education resource center carleton college http serc carleton edu microbelife extreme extremophiles html why nasa http bionanex arc nasa gov why html abedon stephen t an introduction to taxonomy the bacteria ohio state university jan 26 2004 http www mansfield ohio state edu sabedon black09 htm biello david cheating dna death how an extremophile repairs shattered chromosomes scientific american sept 27 2006 http www sciam com article cfm id cheating dna death how an britt robert roy eight legged space survivor gives panspermia theory new life space com usa today sept 16 2008 http www usatoday com tech science space 2008 09 16 tardigrades panspermia_n htm dreifus claudia a conversation with baruch blumberg a nobel in medicine a second career in space ny times jan 22 2002 http query nytimes com gst fullpage html res 9d03e3d6153bf931a15752c0a9649c8b63 scp 7 sq extremophile st cse kaiser gary e classification the three domain system community college of baltimore county feb 21 2007 http student ccbcmd edu courses bio141 lecguide unit1 3domain 3domain html mullen leslie the three domains of life nasa astrobiology institute space daily nov 6 2001 http www spacedaily com news life 01zm html noever david life on the edge faq nasa http science nasa gov newhome headlines lifeontheedge_faq htm ruder kate iron mountain s champion extremophile genome news network feb 6 2004 http www genomenewsnetwork org articles 2004 02 06 iron_mtn php ruder kate yellowstone microbe cleans up wastewater genome news network oct 28 2004 http www genomenewsnetwork org articles 2004 10 28 yellowstone php seiberg charles the genesis project new york times magazine sept 26 2004 http www nytimes com 2004 09 26 magazine 26astrobiology html townsend rich terrestrial life in extreme environments university college london feb 18 2003 http zuserver2 star ucl ac uk rhdt diploma lecture_6 cite this please copy paste the following text to properly cite this howstuffworks com article copy jacob silverman desiree bowie extremophiles how do these organisms push the limits of life 1 january 1970 howstuffworks com https science howstuffworks com life cellular microscopic extremophile htm 18 april 2026 close citation more awesome stuff up next how volcanoes work explore more you may like how evolution works explore more advertisement advertisement loading n n t t t t return t byline_authors_html e by t byline_authors_html t byline_authors_html t byline_date_html e t byline_date_html e t byline_date_html e n t t t t n t t t t n n t t t t t body_html replaceall pt pt t id _ replaceall pt pt t id _ n n t t t n this loadeddiv innerhtml r document title n title howstuffworks const s content loaded n id o document 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