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keywords= FragAttacks, Wi-Fi, WiFi, WPA2, WPA2, Fragmentation, Aggregation, Design, Implementation, Vulnerability, Flaw, EAPOL, A-MSDU, Implementation, Mathy, Vanhoef;
description= We present three security design flaws in Wi-Fi and widepread implementation flaws. These can be abused to exfiltrate user data and attack local devices.;
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ve received updates these attacks scripts will be released at a later point if deemed useful q a how can i contact you are you looking for phd students can i reuse the images on this website why did nobody notice the aggregation design flaw before why was the defense against the aggregation attack cve 2020 24588 not adopted my device isn t patched yet what can i do does using eap tls increase the difficulty of attacks does using 802 11w help mitigate attacks why is wi fi security important we already have https will using a vpn prevent attacks how did you discover this how sure are you that all wi fi devices are affected does this mean every wi fi device is trivial to attack how many networks use fragmentation how many networks periodically refresh the pairwise session key isn t it irresponsible to release tools to perform the attacks where are all the attack tools do you have example network captures of the vulnerabilities how long will you maintain the driver patches needed to run the test scripts why are so many implementations vulnerable to be non consecutive pn attack why are so many implementations vulnerable to the mixed plaintext encrypted fragment attack can an implementation be vulnerable to a cache attack without being vulnerable to a mixed key attack can the mixed key attack be prevented in a backward compatible manner is the old wpa tkip protocol also affected by the design flaws is the ancient wep protocol also affected by the design flaws can fragmentation attacks be preventing by disallowing small delays between fragments are patches for linux available did others also discover the plaintext injection issue cve 2020 26140 why do you use the same cve for implementation issues in multiple different codebases why was the embargo so long how did you monitor for leaks during the embargo are these vulnerabilities being exploited in practice why did microsoft already fix certain vulnerabilities on march 9 2021 is the treating fragments as full frames flaw cve 2020 26142 also applicable to aps can aps be vulnerable to attacks that send broadcast frames why are some of the tested devices so old how did you make macos switch to the malicious dns server in the demonstration isn t nyu edu using hsts to prevent these kind of attacks how do i reproduce the bluekeep attack shown in the demonstration how can i contact you you can reach mathy vanhoef on twitter at vanhoefm or by emailing mathy vanhoef are you looking for phd students see ku leuven s distrinet website for open positions you can also directly contact us with spontaneous applications if you want to do network research at new york university abu dhabi in the cyber security privacy csp team where the fragattacks research was carried out you can contact christina pöpper can i reuse the images on this website yes you can use the logo illustrations of the aggregation design flaw mobile version illustrations of the mixed key design flaw mobile version and illustrations of the fragment cache design flaw mobile version thanks goes to darlee urbiztondo for designing the logo why did nobody notice the aggregation design flaw before when the 802 11n amendment was being written in 2007 which introduced supported for aggregated a msdu frames several ieee members noticed that the is aggregated flag was not authenticated unfortunately many products already implemented a draft of the 802 11n amendment meaning this problem had to be addressed in a backwards compatible manner the decision was made that devices would advertise whether they are capable of authenticating the is aggregated flag only when devices implement and advertise this capability is the is aggregated flag protected unfortunately in 2020 not a single tested device supported this capability likely because it was considered hard to exploit to quote a remark made back in 2007 while it is hard to see how this can be exploited it is clearly a flaw that is capable of being fixed in other words people did notice this vulnerability and a defense was standardized but in practice the defense was never adopted this is a good example that security defenses must be adopted before attacks become practical why was the defense against the aggregation attack cve 2020 24588 not adopted likely because it was only considered a theoretic vulnerability when the defense was created to quote a remark made back in 2007 while it is hard to see how this can be exploited it is clearly a flaw that is capable of being fixed additionally the threat model that was used in the aggregation attack were the victim is induced into connecting to the adversary s server only become widely accepted in 2011 after the disclosure of the beast attack in other words the threat model was not yet widely known back in 2007 when the ieee added the optional feature that would have prevented the attack and even after this threat model became more common the resulting attack isn t obvious my device isn t patched yet what can i do first it s always good to remember general security best practices update your devices don t reuse your passwords make sure you have backups of important data don t visit shady websites and so on in regards to the discovered wi fi vulnerabilities you can mitigate attacks that exfiltrate sensitive data by double checking that websites you are visiting use https even better you can install the https everywhere plugin this plugin forces the usage of https on websites that are known to support it to mitigate attacks where your router s nat firewall is bypassed and devices are directly attacked you must assure that all your devices are updated unfortunately not all products regularly receive updates in particular smart or internet of things devices in which case it is difficult if not impossible to properly secure them more technically the impact of attacks can also be reduced by manually configuring your dns server so that it cannot be poisoned specific to your wi fi configuration you can mitigate attacks but not fully prevent them by disabling fragmentation disabling pairwise rekeys and disabling dynamic fragmentation in wi fi 6 802 11ax devices does using eap tls increase the difficulty of attacks no all attacks are possible no matter how the client authenticates the network in other words attacks are identical against home and enterprise networks moreover it doesn t matter which eap method you use in an enterprise network all attacks remain possible and can be abused in exactly the same manner important to remark is that exploiting the design flaws relies on a multi channel machine in the middle position and abusing cve 2020 26146 relies on this mitm as well this mitm is not a traditional rogue ap instead the attacker is copying all frames from the real ap to a different wi fi channel this can be done no matter which authentication method the network is using you can read more about this mitm in my blog post does using 802 11w help mitigate attacks no using 802 11w also known as management frame protection has no impact on any of the attacks even attacks that rely on the multi channel machine in the middle position i e the design flaws and cve 2020 26146 remain possible when using 802 11w this is because this mitm isn t established by sending deauthentication or disassociation frames to first disconnect the client from the network instead to establish this mitm the attacker forces the client to switch to another channel this is accomplished by spoofing beacon frames that contain malicious channel switch announcements these beacon frames can be spoofed even when 802 11w is enabled meaning that enabling 802 11w won t make attacks harder you can read more about the multi channel mitm in my blog post this mitm can be established in precisely the same manner whether or not 802 11w is used why is wi fi security important we already have https these days a lot of websites and apps use https to encrypt data when using https an adversary cannot see the data you are transmitting even when you are connected to an open wi fi network this also means that you can safely use open wi fi hotspots as long as you keep your devices up to date and as long as you assure that websites are using https unfortunately not all websites require the usage of https i e they re not using hsts meaning they remain vulnerable to possible attacks at home the security of your wi fi network is also essential an insecure network means that others might be able to connect to the internet through your home additionally more and more devices are using wi fi to transfer personal files in your local network without an extra layer of protection e g when printing files smart display screens when sending files to a local backup storage digital photo stands and so on more problematic a lot of internet of things devices have tons of security vulnerabilities that can be exploited if an adversary can communicate with them the main thing that prevents an adversary from exploiting these insecure internet of things devices is the security of your wi fi network it therefore remains essential to have strong encryption and authentication at the wi fi layer at work the security of wi fi is also essential for the same reasons as mentioned above additionally many companies will automatically allow access to sensitive services when a user or adversary is able to connect to the wi fi network therefore strong wi fi security is also essential in a work setting will using a vpn prevent attacks using a vpn can prevent attacks where an adversary is trying to exfiltrate data it will not prevent an adversary from bypassing your router s nat firewall to directly attack devices how did you discover this the seeds of this research were already planted while i was investigating the krack attack at that time on 8 june 2017 to be precise i wrote down some notes to further investigate de fragmentation support in linux in particular i thought there might be an implementation vulnerability in linux however a single unconfirmed implementation flaw isn t too spectacular research wise so after disclosing the krack attack i decided to work on other research instead the idea of inspecting de fragmentation in wi fi and determining whether there really was a vulnerability or not was always at the back of my mind though fast forward three years later and after gaining some additional ideas to investigate closer inspection confirmed some of my hunches and also revealed that these issues were more widespread than i initially assumed and with some extra insights i also discovered all the other vulnerabilities interestingly this also shows the advantage of fleshing out ideas before rushing to publish though actually finishing the paper before submission was still a race against time how sure are you that all wi fi devices are affected in experiments on more than 75 devices all of them were vulnerable to one or more of the discovered attacks i m curious myself whether all devices in the whole world are indeed affected though to find this out if you find a device that isn t affected by at least one of the discovered vulnerabilities let me know also if your company provides wi fi devices and you think that your product was not affected by any of the discovered vulnerabilities you can send your product to me once i confirmed that it indeed was not affected by any vulnerabilities the name of your product and company will be put here note that i do need a method to assure that i m indeed testing a version of the product that was available before the disclosure of the vulnerabilities and that you didn t silently patch some vulnerabilities does this mean every wi fi device is trivial to attack the design issues are on their own tedious to exploit in practice unfortunately some of the implementation vulnerabilities are common and trivial to exploit additionally by combining the design issues with certain implementation issues the resulting attacks become more serious this means the impact of our findings depends on the specific target your vendor can inform you what the precise impact is for specific devices in other words for some devices the impact is minor while for others it s disastrous how many networks use fragmentation by default devices don t send fragmented frames this means that the mixed key attack and the fragment cache attack on their own will be hard to exploit in practice unless wi fi 6 is used when using wi fi 6 which is based on the 802 11ax standard a device may dynamically fragment frames to fill up available airtime how many networks periodically refresh the pairwise session key by default access points don t renew the pairwise session key even though some may periodically renew the group key this means that the default mixed key attack as described in the paper is only possible against networks that deviate from this default setting isn t it irresponsible to release tools to perform the attacks the test tool that we released can only be used to test whether a device is vulnerable it cannot be used to perform attacks an adversary would have to write their own tools for that this approach enables network administrators to test if devices are affected while reducing the chance of someone abusing the released code where are all the attack tools the code that has currently been released focusses on detecting vulnerable implementations the proof of concepts scripts that perform actual attacks are not released to provide everyone with more time to implement and deploy patches once a large enough fraction of devices has been patched and if deemed necessary and or beneficial the attack script will be publicly released as well do you have example network captures of the vulnerabilities there are example network captures of the test tool that illustrate the root causes of several vulnerabilities how long will you maintain the driver patches needed to run the test scripts the modifications to certain drivers have been submitted upstream to linux meaning they will be maintained by the linux developers themselves the patches to the intel driver have not been submitted upstream because they re a bit hacky concretely this means that drivers such as ath9k_htc will be supported out of the box while for intel devices you will have to use patched drivers and i m not sure how much time i ll have to maintain those why are so many implementations vulnerable to be non consecutive pn attack that s a good question i m not sure why so many developers missed this this widespread implementation vulnerability does highlight that leaving important cryptographic operations up to developers is not ideal put another way it might have been better if the standard required an authenticity check over the reassembled frame instead that would also better follow the principle of authenticated encryption why are so many implementations vulnerable to the mixed plaintext encrypted fragment attack the 802 11 standard states in section 10 6 if sec...
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